{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T09:03:35Z","timestamp":1789376615629,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":14,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789344000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Micromachines"],"abstract":"<jats:p>A single-structure three-axis MEMS accelerometer often suffers from cross-axis interference, which leads to inaccurate sensitivity and makes it difficult to reliably assess the health condition of the measured object. In addition, achieving high sensitivity often comes at the cost of reduced bandwidth. Because few previous studies have addressed the cross-axis interference of such structures, this study presents the development and optimization of a structural three-axis MEMS piezoelectric accelerometer. A mathematical model was first established, followed by simulation and structural optimization to enhance sensitivity and minimize cross-axis interference while keeping the bandwidth nearly unchanged. This study proposes, for the first time, an improved structure that evolves the L-shaped accelerometer into a composite configuration consisting of a W-shaped cantilever and an additional four-bar proof mass, in order to enhance bandwidth and significantly reduce cross-axis interference. Generally, an increase in sensitivity leads to a reduction in bandwidth; however, by modifying the geometry of the proof mass, the proposed accelerometer achieves a substantial improvement in sensitivity while avoiding a significant loss of bandwidth. The implementation of a triaxial accelerometer can generally be achieved in three ways: using three single-axis accelerometers, realizing three axes through circuitry, or achieving three axes through structural design. Using three single-axis accelerometers results in large volume, heavy weight, and high cost. Circuit-based three-axis implementation cannot detect multi-axis forces simultaneously, whereas structural three-axis design is difficult to realize. This study focuses on designing a triaxial accelerometer based on a structural approach, optimizing it with reference to the most successful examples reported in the literature and progressively addressing the drawbacks of previous structures. First, trapezoidal beams are used instead of rectangular cantilever beams to increase bandwidth. Next, two additional cantilever beams are added to transfer the Z-axis sensitivity detection points to reduce cross-axis interference. Finally, the shape of the proof mass is designed to enhance the sensitivities along all three axes. The optimized accelerometer exhibits resonant frequencies of approximately 12.6 kHz, 31.6 kHz, and 11.8 kHz along the X-, Y-, and Z-axes, with corresponding sensitivities of 6.11, 5.44, and 8.85 mV\/g, and cross-axis interference reduced to below 15%. The results demonstrate the achievement of a highly accurate and reliable three-axis MEMS piezoelectric accelerometer through structural design and optimization. The proposed design concept may also be beneficial for other piezoelectric-based sensor applications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/mi17091080","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T08:10:23Z","timestamp":1789373423000},"page":"1080","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Design of a Three-Axis Piezoelectric Accelerometer with Wide Frequency, High Sensitivity and Low Cross-Axis Interference"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Po-Chun","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"software","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Ze-Wen","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"software","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2195-7613","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sheng-Yuan","family":"Chu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"resources","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"project-administration","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"funding-acquisition","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Cheng-Che","family":"Tsai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Game and Animation Design, Tung Fang Design University, Kaohsiung 829, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"033001","DOI":"10.1088\/0960-1317\/25\/3\/033001","article-title":"Micromachined high-g accelerometers: A review","volume":"25","author":"Narasimhan","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. 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