{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T05:04:44Z","timestamp":1790053484763,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789689600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["52575309"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52575309"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U25A20300"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U25A20300"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["52575309"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52575309"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01h0zpd94","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["U25A20300"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U25A20300"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01h0zpd94","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100015401","name":"Key Research and Development Program of Shaanxi","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2025CY-YBXM-107"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025CY-YBXM-107"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100015401","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Natural Science Basic Research Program of Shaanxi","award":["2025JC-QYXQ-026"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025JC-QYXQ-026"]}]},{"name":"Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation","award":["2025A1515140087"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025A1515140087"]}]},{"name":"Pre-research Project of Civil Aerospace Technology","award":["D030207"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["D030207"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Micromachines"],"abstract":"<jats:p>During service, conformal load-bearing antennas (CLBAs) are subjected to the coupled effects of aerodynamic and aerothermal loads. The resulting geometric distortion of the array surface, deflection of element pointing, and temperature drift of the material electromagnetic parameters lead to the degradation of radar cross-section (RCS) characteristics. To overcome the limitation of existing scattering models in uniformly describing the aforementioned multi-physics coupling effects, this paper proposes a comprehensive electromechanical\u2013thermal coupled modeling method for the scattering field of CLBAs. This method establishes a complete mapping from flight conditions to the array RCS by incorporating geometric corrections for element-level pointing deflection and bending deformation, material corrections accounting for the temperature-dependent antenna efficiency, and phase corrections induced by aerodynamic displacements. Verification using a 9 \u00d7 9 cylindrical conformal array shows that, within a scanning range of \u00b130\u00b0, the model calculations agree with HFSS full-wave simulations with an absolute error of less than 1 dB, and the broadside RCS is reduced by 14.97 dB compared with that of a planar array. Furthermore, a BP neural network surrogate model is constructed to achieve accurate prediction of the array physical fields. Analyses across the Mach regime of 0.20\u20130.65 Ma indicate that structural deformation is the dominant cause of RCS distortion, with the trailing-edge array experiencing a rapid nonlinear increase in RCS peak increment, reaching up to 7 dB at 0.65 Ma. The proposed model provides an effective theoretical tool for the rapid evaluation of stealth performance for conformal antennas operating in complex environments.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/mi17091098","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T08:03:47Z","timestamp":1789977827000},"page":"1098","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Electromechanical\u2013Thermal Coupling Modeling of Scattering Fields for Conformal Load-Bearing Antennas"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6351-113X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yan","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Computer and Information Engineering, Xi\u2019an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi\u2019an 710055, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"funding-acquisition","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-4415-9755","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peiyan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Artificial Intelligence and Robotics, Xi\u2019an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi\u2019an 710055, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"project-administration","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Jiayang","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Computer and Information Engineering, Xi\u2019an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi\u2019an 710055, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"software","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Linchen","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Computer and Information Engineering, Xi\u2019an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi\u2019an 710055, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"software","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-8584-5375","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Longyang","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Electromechanical Integrated Manufacturing of High-Performance Electronic Equipments, Xidian University, Xi\u2019an 710071, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"visualization","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8461-0169","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peiyuan","family":"Lian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Electromechanical Integrated Manufacturing of High-Performance Electronic Equipments, Xidian University, Xi\u2019an 710071, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"visualization","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Zhihai","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CETC No. 38 Research Institute, Hefei 230088, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Wanlu","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CETC No. 38 Research Institute, Hefei 230088, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9558-9983","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Congsi","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangzhou Institute of Technology, Xidian University, Guangzhou 510555, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"resources","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"project-administration","vocabulary":"credit"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2064","DOI":"10.1109\/TAP.2022.3231081","article-title":"Wing conformal load-bearing endfire phased array antenna skin technology","volume":"71","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. 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