{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,19]],"date-time":"2026-01-19T01:16:01Z","timestamp":1768785361748,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,2]],"date-time":"2018-07-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1530489600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004281","name":"Narodowe Centrum Nauki","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2016\/21\/B\/ST8\/01952"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2016\/21\/B\/ST8\/01952"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004281","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Micromachines"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Coatings with developed surface stereometry, being based on a porous system, may be obtained by plasma electrolytic oxidation, PEO (micro arc oxidation, MAO). In this paper, we present novel porous coatings, which may be used, e.g., in micromachine\u2019s biocompatible sensors\u2019 housing, obtained in electrolytes containing magnesium nitrate hexahydrate Mg(NO3)2\u00b76H2O and\/or zinc nitrate hexahydrate Zn(NO3)2\u00b76H2O in concentrated phosphoric acid H3PO4 (85% w\/w). Complementary techniques are used for coatings\u2019 surface characterization, such as scanning electron microscopy (SEM), for surface imaging as well as for chemical semi-quantitative analysis via energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), glow discharge optical emission spectroscopy (GDOES), and X-ray powder diffraction (XRD). The results have shown that increasing contents of salts (here, 250 g\/L Mg(NO3)2\u00b76H2O and 250 g\/L Zn(NO3)2\u00b76H2O) in electrolyte result in increasing of Mg\/P and Zn\/P ratios, as well as coating thickness. It was also found that by increasing the PEO voltage, the Zn\/P and Mg\/P ratios increase as well. In addition, the analysis of XPS spectra revealed the existence in 10 nm top of coating magnesium (Mg2+), zinc (Zn2+), titanium (Ti4+), and phosphorus compounds (PO43\u2212, or HPO42\u2212, or H2PO4\u2212, or P2O74\u2212).<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/mi9070332","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,2]],"date-time":"2018-07-02T10:56:52Z","timestamp":1530529012000},"page":"332","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Development of Porous Coatings Enriched with Magnesium and Zinc Obtained by DC Plasma Electrolytic Oxidation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Krzysztof","family":"Rokosz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of BioEngineering and Surface Electrochemistry, Department of Engineering and Informatics Systems, Koszalin University of Technology, Rac\u0142awicka 15-17, PL 75-620 Koszalin, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tadeusz","family":"Hryniewicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of BioEngineering and Surface Electrochemistry, Department of Engineering and Informatics Systems, Koszalin University of Technology, Rac\u0142awicka 15-17, PL 75-620 Koszalin, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sofia","family":"Gaiaschi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"HORIBA France S.A.S., Avenue de la Vauve-Passage Jobin Yvon, 91120 Palaiseau, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Patrick","family":"Chapon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"HORIBA France S.A.S., Avenue de la Vauve-Passage Jobin Yvon, 91120 Palaiseau, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Steinar","family":"Raaen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Realfagbygget, E3-124 H\u00f8gskoleringen 5, 7491 NO Trondheim, Norway"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Winfried","family":"Malorny","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Engineering, Hochschule Wismar-University of Applied Sciences Technology, Business and Design, DE 23966 Wismar, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dalibor","family":"Mat\u00fdsek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Geological Engineering, Faculty of Mining and Geology, V\u0160B\u2014Technical University of Ostrava, 708 33 Ostrava, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kornel","family":"Pietrzak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of BioEngineering and Surface Electrochemistry, Department of Engineering and Informatics Systems, Koszalin University of Technology, Rac\u0142awicka 15-17, PL 75-620 Koszalin, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5406","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surfcoat.2011.06.013","article-title":"Spectroscopic and real-time imaging investigation of tantalum plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO)","volume":"205","year":"2011","journal-title":"Surf. 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