{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,21]],"date-time":"2026-05-21T00:26:12Z","timestamp":1779323172362,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,10]],"date-time":"2018-10-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1539129600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["EXC 1086"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EXC 1086"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Micromachines"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Deep brain stimulation (DBS) is a successful medical therapy for many treatment resistant neuropsychiatric disorders such as movement disorders; e.g., Parkinson\u2019s disease, Tremor, and dystonia. Moreover, DBS is becoming more and more appealing for a rapidly growing number of patients with other neuropsychiatric diseases such as depression and obsessive compulsive disorder. In spite of the promising outcomes, the current clinical hardware used in DBS does not match the technological standards of other medical applications and as a result could possibly lead to side effects such as high energy consumption and others. By implementing more advanced DBS devices, in fact, many of these limitations could be overcome. For example, a higher channels count and smaller electrode sites could allow more focal and tailored stimulation. In addition, new materials, like carbon for example, could be incorporated into the probes to enable adaptive stimulation protocols by biosensing neurotransmitters in the brain. Updating the current clinical DBS technology adequately requires combining the most recent technological advances in the field of neural engineering. Here, a novel hybrid multimodal DBS probe with glassy carbon microelectrodes on a polyimide thin-film device assembled on a silicon rubber tubing is introduced. The glassy carbon interface enables neurotransmitter detection using fast scan cyclic voltammetry and electrophysiological recordings while simultaneously performing electrical stimulation. Additionally, the presented DBS technology shows no imaging artefacts in magnetic resonance imaging. Thus, we present a promising new tool that might lead to a better fundamental understanding of the underlying mechanism of DBS while simultaneously paving our way towards better treatments.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/mi9100510","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,10]],"date-time":"2018-10-10T11:53:13Z","timestamp":1539172393000},"page":"510","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Integrity Assessment of a Hybrid DBS Probe that Enables Neurotransmitter Detection Simultaneously to Electrical Stimulation and Recording"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Danesh","family":"Ashouri Vajari","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Biomedical Microtechnology, Department of Microsystems Engineering (IMTEK), University of Freiburg, Georges-Kohler-Allee 102, 79110 Freiburg, Germany"},{"name":"BrainLinks-BrainTools Cluster of Excellence, University of Freiburg, Georges-Kohler-Allee 79, 79110 Freiburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Vomero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Biomedical Microtechnology, Department of Microsystems Engineering (IMTEK), University of Freiburg, Georges-Kohler-Allee 102, 79110 Freiburg, Germany"},{"name":"BrainLinks-BrainTools Cluster of Excellence, University of Freiburg, Georges-Kohler-Allee 79, 79110 Freiburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Johannes","family":"Erhardt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Biomedical Microtechnology, Department of Microsystems Engineering (IMTEK), University of Freiburg, Georges-Kohler-Allee 102, 79110 Freiburg, Germany"},{"name":"BrainLinks-BrainTools Cluster of Excellence, University of Freiburg, Georges-Kohler-Allee 79, 79110 Freiburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ali","family":"Sadr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Biomedical Microtechnology, Department of Microsystems Engineering (IMTEK), University of Freiburg, Georges-Kohler-Allee 102, 79110 Freiburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Juan","family":"Ordonez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Biomedical Microtechnology, Department of Microsystems Engineering (IMTEK), University of Freiburg, Georges-Kohler-Allee 102, 79110 Freiburg, Germany"},{"name":"Indigo Diabetes N.V., Bollebergen 2B box 5, B-9052 Gent, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1703-6283","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Volker","family":"Coenen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BrainLinks-BrainTools Cluster of Excellence, University of Freiburg, Georges-Kohler-Allee 79, 79110 Freiburg, Germany"},{"name":"Department of Stereotactic and Functional Neurosurgery, University Medical Center Freiburg, Breisacher Strasse 64, 79106 Freiburg, Germany"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7349-4254","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thomas","family":"Stieglitz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Biomedical Microtechnology, Department of Microsystems Engineering (IMTEK), University of Freiburg, Georges-Kohler-Allee 102, 79110 Freiburg, Germany"},{"name":"BrainLinks-BrainTools Cluster of Excellence, University of Freiburg, Georges-Kohler-Allee 79, 79110 Freiburg, Germany"},{"name":"Bernstein Center Freiburg, University of Freiburg, Hansastrasse 9a, 79104 Freiburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"696","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conb.2003.11.001","article-title":"Deep brain stimulation for Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"13","author":"Benabid","year":"2003","journal-title":"Curr. 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