{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,19]],"date-time":"2026-02-19T05:28:18Z","timestamp":1771478898019,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":17,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,22]],"date-time":"2018-11-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1542844800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001858","name":"VINNOVA","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2012-01233"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2012-01233"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001858","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000781","name":"European Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["267528"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["267528"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000781","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Micromachines"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Bad breath or halitosis affects a majority of the population from time to time, causing personal discomfort and social embarrassment. Here, we report on a miniaturized, microelectromechanical systems (MEMS)-based, amperometric hydrogen sulfide (H2S) sensor that potentially allows bad breath quantification through a small handheld device. The sensor is designed to detect H2S gas in the order of parts-per-billion (ppb) and has a measured sensitivity of 0.65 nA\/ppb with a response time of 21 s. The sensor was found to be selective to NO and NH3 gases, which are normally present in the oral breath of adults. The ppb-level detection capability of the integrated sensor, combined with its relatively fast response and high sensitivity to H2S, makes the sensor potentially applicable for oral breath monitoring.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/mi9120612","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,22]],"date-time":"2018-11-22T09:18:25Z","timestamp":1542878305000},"page":"612","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["A Miniaturized Amperometric Hydrogen Sulfide Sensor Applicable for Bad Breath Monitoring"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8935-2149","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hithesh K.","family":"Gatty","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Micro and Nanosystems, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"G\u00f6ran","family":"Stemme","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Micro and Nanosystems, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7147-6730","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Niclas","family":"Roxhed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Micro and Nanosystems, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1746-1561.2010.00512.x","article-title":"Oral malodor and related factors in Japanese senior high school students","volume":"80","author":"Yokoyama","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Sch. Health"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.3109\/00016357.2011.654259","article-title":"Association between oral malodour and periodontal disease-related parameters in the general population","volume":"71","author":"Apatzidou","year":"2013","journal-title":"Acta Odontol. Scand."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2007.04.009","article-title":"A review of the current literature on aetiology and measurement methods of halitosis","volume":"35","author":"Feenstra","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Dent."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1007\/s40496-014-0036-5","article-title":"Diagnosis, prevalence, and treatment of halitosis","volume":"1","author":"Laine","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr. Oral Health Rep."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"(2015, January 08). The Halimeter\u00ae\u2014Measure Bad Breath Scientifically. Available online: http:\/\/www.halimeter.com\/the-halimeter-measure-bad-breath-scientifically\/."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.5005\/jcdp-9-5-76","article-title":"Assessment of oral malodor: A comparison of the organoleptic method with sulfide monitoring","volume":"9","author":"Baharvand","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Contemp. Dent. Pract."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1601-0825.2006.01248.x","article-title":"Clinical examination of subjects with halitosis","volume":"13","author":"Donaldson","year":"2007","journal-title":"Oral Dis."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"Chroma (2015, January 08). Comparison between Oral Chroma and Halimeter. 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Res."},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"(2015, January 08). Interscan Corp., Simplified RH17K Manual. Available online: http:\/\/www.halimeter.com\/images\/Simplified_RH17K_Manual.PDF."}],"container-title":["Micromachines"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-666X\/9\/12\/612\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T15:31:17Z","timestamp":1760196677000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-666X\/9\/12\/612"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,22]]},"references-count":17,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,12]]}},"alternative-id":["mi9120612"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mi9120612","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-666X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-666X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,22]]}}}