{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T02:30:44Z","timestamp":1791945044845,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":203,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,21]],"date-time":"2021-12-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1640044800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000038","name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NSERC Discovery program, project 2019-06642"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NSERC Discovery program, project 2019-06642"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000038","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Pathogens are exposed to a multitude of harmful conditions imposed by the environment of the host. Bacterial responses against these stresses are pivotal for successful host colonization and pathogenesis. In the case of many E. coli strains, type 1 fimbriae (pili) are an important colonization factor that can contribute to diseases such as urinary tract infections and neonatal meningitis. Production of type 1 fimbriae in E. coli is dependent on an invertible promoter element, fimS, which serves as a phase variation switch determining whether or not a bacterial cell will produce type 1 fimbriae. In this review, we present aspects of signaling and stress involved in mediating regulation of type 1 fimbriae in extraintestinal E. coli; in particular, how certain regulatory mechanisms, some of which are linked to stress response, can influence production of fimbriae and influence bacterial colonization and infection. We suggest that regulation of type 1 fimbriae is potentially linked to environmental stress responses, providing a perspective for how environmental cues in the host and bacterial stress response during infection both play an important role in regulating extraintestinal pathogenic E. coli colonization and virulence.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms10010005","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,22]],"date-time":"2021-12-22T01:08:09Z","timestamp":1640135289000},"page":"5","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":35,"title":["What Flips the Switch? Signals and Stress Regulating Extraintestinal Pathogenic Escherichia coli Type 1 Fimbriae (Pili)"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7333-2581","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hicham","family":"Bessaiah","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut National de Recherche Scientifique (INRS)-Centre Armand-Frappier Sant\u00e9 Biotechnologie, Laval, QC H7V 1B7, Canada"},{"name":"Centre de Recherche en Infectiologie Porcine et Avicole (CRIPA), Saint-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 2M2, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3G 0B1, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carole","family":"Anamal\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut National de Recherche Scientifique (INRS)-Centre Armand-Frappier Sant\u00e9 Biotechnologie, Laval, QC H7V 1B7, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jacqueline","family":"Sung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut National de Recherche Scientifique (INRS)-Centre Armand-Frappier Sant\u00e9 Biotechnologie, Laval, QC H7V 1B7, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3G 0B1, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4832-3936","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Charles M.","family":"Dozois","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut National de Recherche Scientifique (INRS)-Centre Armand-Frappier Sant\u00e9 Biotechnologie, Laval, QC H7V 1B7, Canada"},{"name":"Centre de Recherche en Infectiologie Porcine et Avicole (CRIPA), Saint-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 2M2, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11685","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.REV119.005593","article-title":"Trouble is coming: Signaling pathways that regulate general stress responses in bacteria","volume":"294","author":"Gottesman","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. 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