{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T17:03:06Z","timestamp":1791306186759,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,22]],"date-time":"2021-12-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1640131200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ZIA ES040913-25"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZIA ES040913-25"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Few studies have investigated the 1930s hypothesis that reproductive tract infections are risk factors for fibroid development. In our 2017 cross-sectional analysis from the Study of Environment, Lifestyle, and Fibroids (2010\u20132018), a large Detroit community-based cohort of 23\u201335 year-old African-American women with ultrasound fibroid screening, we found an inverse association between seropositivity for genital Chlamydia trachomatis (gCT) infection and fibroids. With prospective data from the cohort (standardized ultrasounds every 20 months over 5 years), we examined gCT\u2019s associations with fibroid incidence (among 1158 women fibroid-free at baseline) and growth. We computed adjusted hazard ratios (aHRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for incidence by gCT serostatus using Cox proportional hazards models. GCT\u2019s influence on growth was assessed by estimating the difference between fibroid size change for seropositive vs. seronegative between successive ultrasounds (1254 growth measures) using a linear mixed model. Growth was scaled to change over 18 months. GCT seropositivity was not associated with fibroid incidence (aHR, 1.0 95% CI: 0.79, 1.29) or growth (4.4%, 95% CI: \u22125.02, 14.64). The current evidence based on both biomarker gCT data, which can capture the common undiagnosed infections, and prospective ultrasound data for fibroids suggests that Chlamydia is unlikely to increase fibroid risk.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms10010010","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,23]],"date-time":"2021-12-23T02:01:19Z","timestamp":1640224879000},"page":"10","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Genital Chlamydia trachomatis Seroprevalence and Uterine Fibroid Development: Cohort Study of Young African-American Women"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9993-3270","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kristen","family":"Moore","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Epidemiology Branch A3-05, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, Durham, NC 27709, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Donna","family":"Baird","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Epidemiology Branch A3-05, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, Durham, NC 27709, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2011.12.002","article-title":"The estimated annual cost of uterine leiomyomata in the United States","volume":"206","author":"Cardozo","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. 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