{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T17:32:17Z","timestamp":1792085537113,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,23]],"date-time":"2021-12-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1640217600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Endophytic bacteria have been utilized as an alternative source to chemical fertilizers and pesticides to enhance plant productivity and defense mechanisms against biotic and abiotic stress. Five endophytic bacterial strains were isolated from the seeds of three different Pakistani wheat varieties (Ghaneemat-e-IBGE, Atta-Habib, and Siren). The isolated strains AH-1, S-5, S-7, GI-1, and GI-6 showed phylogenetic similarity with Bacillus altitudinis, B. aryabhattai, B. wiedmannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Burkholderia gladioli, respectively. All strains showed catalase activity (except AH-1) and Indole-3-acetic acid production, with the highest concentration (16.77 \u03bcg\u00b7mL\u22121) found for GI-6, followed by S-5 (11.5 \u03bcg\u00b7mL\u22121), nitrogen assimilation (except S-7), phosphorus solubilization (except S-7 and AH-1), and ability to produce siderophores, with maximum productions for GI-6 (31 \u00b1 3.5 psu) and GI-1 (30 \u00b1 2.9 psu). All five analyzed strains possessed antimicrobial activity, which was particularly strong in GI-6 and S-5 against Klebsiella pneumonia, Escherichia coli, and Bacillus subtilis. Increasing salinity stress with NaCl negatively affected the bacterial growth of all isolates. However, strains GI-6 and S-5 showed salt tolerance after three days of incubation. A drought tolerance test resulted in a negative impact of poly ethylene glycol on bacterial growth, which was, however, less pronounced in GI-6 strain. The GI-6 strain revealed growth-promoting effects on inoculated wheat plants.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms10010021","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,23]],"date-time":"2021-12-23T21:40:21Z","timestamp":1640295621000},"page":"21","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":63,"title":["Molecular and Biochemical Characterization, Antimicrobial Activity, Stress Tolerance, and Plant Growth-Promoting Effect of Endophytic Bacteria Isolated from Wheat Varieties"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Dawood","family":"Shah","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, The University of Agriculture Peshawar, Peshawar 25000, Pakistan"},{"name":"School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300072, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammad Sayyar","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, The University of Agriculture Peshawar, Peshawar 25000, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shahkaar","family":"Aziz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, The University of Agriculture Peshawar, Peshawar 25000, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haidar","family":"Ali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, The University of Agriculture Peshawar, Peshawar 25000, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3234-4698","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lorenzo","family":"Pecoraro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300072, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1080\/21553769.2014.933716","article-title":"Influences of natural and anthropogenic factors on surface and groundwater quality in rural and urban areas","volume":"8","author":"Khatri","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front. 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