{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,25]],"date-time":"2026-07-25T00:16:40Z","timestamp":1784938600462,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,28]],"date-time":"2021-12-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1640649600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>As one of the leading causes of dementia, Alzheimer\u2019s disease (AD) is a condition in which individuals experience progressive cognitive decline. Although it is known that beta-amyloid (A\u03b2) deposits and neurofibrillary tangles (NFT) of tau fibrils are hallmark characteristics of AD, the exact causes of these pathologies are still mostly unknown. Evidence that infectious diseases may cause AD pathology has been accumulating for decades. The association between microbial pathogens and AD is widely studied, and there are noticeable correlations between some bacterial species and AD pathologies, especially spirochetes and some of the oral microbes. Borrelia burgdorferi has been seen to correlate with A\u03b2 plaques and NFTs in infected cells. Because of the evidence of spirochetes in AD patients, Treponema pallidum and other oral treponemes are speculated to be a potential cause of AD. T. pallidum has been seen to form aggregates in the brain when the disease disseminates to the brain that closely resemble the A\u03b2 plaques of AD patients. This review examines the evidence as to whether pathogens could be the cause of AD and its pathology. It offers novel speculations that treponemes may be able to induce or correlate with Alzheimer\u2019s disease.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms10010056","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,28]],"date-time":"2021-12-28T06:55:03Z","timestamp":1640674503000},"page":"56","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["An Association of Pathogens and Biofilms with Alzheimer\u2019s Disease"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Sandhya T.","family":"Chakravarthi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Surgical Infection and Biofilm, College of Medicine, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7838-4898","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Suresh G.","family":"Joshi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Surgical Infection and Biofilm, College of Medicine, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA"},{"name":"Drexel School of Biomedical Engineering, Science & Health Systems, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"821","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-018-1932-x","article-title":"Current state of Alzheimer\u2019s fluid biomarkers","volume":"136","author":"Molinuevo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Weller, J., and Budson, A. 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