{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,28]],"date-time":"2026-01-28T11:53:38Z","timestamp":1769601218894,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,6]],"date-time":"2022-01-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1641427200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006769","name":"Russian Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["19-15-00055"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["19-15-00055"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006769","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Surveillance for acute flaccid paralysis syndrome (AFP) in children under 15 is the backbone of the Global Polio Eradication Initiative. Laboratory examination of stool samples from AFP cases allows the detection of, along with polioviruses, a variety of non-polio enteroviruses (NPEV). The etiological significance of these viruses in the occurrence of AFP cases has been definitively established only for enteroviruses A71 and D68. Enterovirus Coxsackie A2 (CVA2) is most often associated with vesicular pharyngitis and hand, foot and mouth disease. Among 7280 AFP cases registered in Russia over 20 years (2001\u20132020), CVA2 was isolated only from five cases. However, these included three children aged 3 to 4 years, without overt immune deficiency, immunized with 4\u20135 doses of poliovirus vaccine in accordance with the National Vaccination Schedule. The disease resulted in persistent residual paralysis. Clinical and laboratory data corresponded to poliomyelitis developing during poliovirus infection. These findings are compatible with CVA2 being the cause of AFP. Molecular analysis of CVA2 from these patients and a number of AFP cases in other countries did not reveal association with a specific phylogenetic group, suggesting that virus genetics is unlikely to explain the pathogenic profile. The overall results highlight the value of AFP surveillance not just for polio control but for studies of uncommon AFP agents.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms10010112","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,7]],"date-time":"2022-01-07T03:46:27Z","timestamp":1641527187000},"page":"112","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Cases of Acute Flaccid Paralysis Associated with Coxsackievirus A2: Findings of a 20-Year Surveillance in the Russian Federation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1784-4827","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Olga E.","family":"Ivanova","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Federal State Autonomous Scientific Institution \u201cChumakov Federal Center for Research and Development of Immune-and-Biological Products of the Russian Academy of Sciences\u201d (Institute of Poliomyelitis) (FSASI \u201cChumakov FSC R&D IBP RAS\u201d), 108819 Moscow, Russia"},{"name":"Department of Organization and Technology of Production of Immunobiological Preparations, Institute for Translational Medicine and Biotechnology, First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 119991 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Armen K.","family":"Shakaryan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Federal State Autonomous Scientific Institution \u201cChumakov Federal Center for Research and Development of Immune-and-Biological Products of the Russian Academy of Sciences\u201d (Institute of Poliomyelitis) (FSASI \u201cChumakov FSC R&D IBP RAS\u201d), 108819 Moscow, Russia"},{"name":"Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, 119121 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nadezhda S.","family":"Morozova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Federal Budget Institution of Healthcare of Rospotrebnadzor \u201cCenter for Hygiene and Epidemiology in Moscow\u201d, 129626 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2791-1835","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yulia A.","family":"Vakulenko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Martsinovsky Institute of Meidcal Parasitology, Tropical and Vector-Borne Diseases, First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 119991 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tatyana P.","family":"Eremeeva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Federal State Autonomous Scientific Institution \u201cChumakov Federal Center for Research and Development of Immune-and-Biological Products of the Russian Academy of Sciences\u201d (Institute of Poliomyelitis) (FSASI \u201cChumakov FSC R&D IBP RAS\u201d), 108819 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Liubov I.","family":"Kozlovskaya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Federal State Autonomous Scientific Institution \u201cChumakov Federal Center for Research and Development of Immune-and-Biological Products of the Russian Academy of Sciences\u201d (Institute of Poliomyelitis) (FSASI \u201cChumakov FSC R&D IBP RAS\u201d), 108819 Moscow, Russia"},{"name":"Department of Organization and Technology of Production of Immunobiological Preparations, Institute for Translational Medicine and Biotechnology, First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 119991 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Olga Y.","family":"Baykova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Federal State Autonomous Scientific Institution \u201cChumakov Federal Center for Research and Development of Immune-and-Biological Products of the Russian Academy of Sciences\u201d (Institute of Poliomyelitis) (FSASI \u201cChumakov FSC R&D IBP RAS\u201d), 108819 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elena Y.","family":"Shustova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Federal State Autonomous Scientific Institution \u201cChumakov Federal Center for Research and Development of Immune-and-Biological Products of the Russian Academy of Sciences\u201d (Institute of Poliomyelitis) (FSASI \u201cChumakov FSC R&D IBP RAS\u201d), 108819 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yulia M.","family":"Mikhailova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Federal Budget Institution of Healthcare of Rospotrebnadzor \u201cCenter for Hygiene and Epidemiology in Moscow\u201d, 129626 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Natalia I.","family":"Romanenkova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Saint-Petersburg Pasteur Institute, 197101 Saint-Petersburg, 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