{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T10:12:46Z","timestamp":1789985566642,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,13]],"date-time":"2022-01-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1642032000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"European Union, the Greek General Secretariat for Research and Innovation, Ministry of Development &amp; Investments, the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research","award":["T2DGE-0944 (Greek side), 01EI1701 (German side)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["T2DGE-0944 (Greek side), 01EI1701 (German side)"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Carbapenem-resistant Gram-negative bacteria are a public health threat that requires urgent action. The fact that these pathogens commonly also harbor resistance mechanisms for several other antimicrobial classes further reduces patient treatment options. The present study aimed to provide information regarding the multidrug resistance genetic background of carbapenem-resistant Gram-negative bacteria in Central Greece. Strains from a tertiary care hospital, collected during routine practice, were characterized using a DNA microarray-based assay. Various different resistance determinants for carbapenems, other beta-lactams, aminoglycosides, quinolones, trimethoprim, sulfonamides and macrolides were detected among isolates of the same sequence type. Eighteen different multidrug resistance genomic profiles were identified among the twenty-four K. pneumoniae ST258, seven different profiles among the eight K. pneumoniae ST11, four profiles among the six A. baumannii ST409 and two among the three K. oxytoca. This report describes the multidrug resistance genomic background of carbapenem-resistant Gram-negative bacteria from a tertiary care hospital in Central Greece, providing evidence of their continuous genetic evolution.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms10010159","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,14]],"date-time":"2022-01-14T03:14:03Z","timestamp":1642130043000},"page":"159","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Plethora of Resistance Genes in Carbapenem-Resistant Gram-Negative Bacteria in Greece: No End to a Continuous Genetic Evolution"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Katerina","family":"Tsilipounidaki","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly, 41500 Larissa, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zoi","family":"Athanasakopoulou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Thessaly, 43100 Karditsa, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elke","family":"M\u00fcller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology (IPHT), 07745 Jena, Germany"},{"name":"InfectoGnostics Research Campus, 07743 Jena, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sindy","family":"Burgold-Voigt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology (IPHT), 07745 Jena, Germany"},{"name":"InfectoGnostics Research Campus, 07743 Jena, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zoi","family":"Florou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly, 41500 Larissa, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sascha D.","family":"Braun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology (IPHT), 07745 Jena, Germany"},{"name":"InfectoGnostics Research Campus, 07743 Jena, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefan","family":"Monecke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology (IPHT), 07745 Jena, Germany"},{"name":"InfectoGnostics Research Campus, 07743 Jena, Germany"},{"name":"Institut fuer Medizinische Mikrobiologie und Hygiene, Universit\u00e4tsklinikum Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nikolaos K.","family":"Gatselis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly, 41500 Larissa, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kalliopi","family":"Zachou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly, 41500 Larissa, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aggelos","family":"Stefos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly, 41500 Larissa, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ilias","family":"Tsagalas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly, 41500 Larissa, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marina","family":"Sofia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Thessaly, 43100 Karditsa, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vassiliki","family":"Spyrou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Animal Science, University of Thessaly, 41110 Larissa, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2209-9772","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Charalambos","family":"Billinis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Thessaly, 43100 Karditsa, Greece"},{"name":"Faculty of Public and One Health, University of Thessaly, 43100 Karditsa, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"George N.","family":"Dalekos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly, 41500 Larissa, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6612-0043","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ralf","family":"Ehricht","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology (IPHT), 07745 Jena, Germany"},{"name":"InfectoGnostics Research Campus, 07743 Jena, Germany"},{"name":"Institute of Physical Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07737 Jena, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Efthymia","family":"Petinaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly, 41500 Larissa, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1016\/j.idc.2016.02.004","article-title":"Multidrug Resistant Bacteria in the Community: Trends and Lessons Learned","volume":"30","author":"Paterson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Infect. 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