{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]],"date-time":"2026-06-10T11:44:13Z","timestamp":1781091853410,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":83,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,13]],"date-time":"2022-01-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1642032000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The use of antibiotics or antifungals to control infections caused by pathogenic microorganisms is currently insufficiently effective because of their emerging resistance. Thanks to the ability of microorganisms to form a biofilm and thus increase their resistance to administered drugs even more, modern medicine faces the task of finding novel substances to combat infections caused by them. In this regard, the effects of essential oils or plant extracts are often studied. Among the relatively neglected plants is Boswellia serrata, which has a high content of biologically active boswellic acids. In this study, we focused on one of the most common nosocomial infections, which are caused by Candida species. The most common representative is C. albicans, although the number of infections caused by non-albicans species has recently been increasing. We focused on the antifungal activity of Boswellia\u00a0serrata extract Bioswellix against planktonic and adhering cells of Candida albicans, Candida parapsilosis and Candida krusei. The antifungal activity against adhering cells was further explored by determining the metabolic activity of cells (MTT) and determining the total amount of biofilm using crystal violet. Boswellic acid-containing plant extract was shown to suppress the growth of a suspension population of all tested Candida species. Boswellia serrata extract Bioswellix was most effective in inhibiting C. albicans biofilm formation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms10010171","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,14]],"date-time":"2022-01-14T03:14:03Z","timestamp":1642130043000},"page":"171","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Boswellia\u00a0serrata Extract as an Antibiofilm Agent against Candida spp."],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Petr","family":"Jaro\u0161","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Chemistry and Technology, 166 28 Prague, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Vrublevskaya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology, University of Chemistry and Technology, 166 28 Prague, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Krist\u00fdna","family":"Loko\u010dov\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology, University of Chemistry and Technology, 166 28 Prague, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jana","family":"Michailidu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology, University of Chemistry and Technology, 166 28 Prague, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1585-9366","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Irena","family":"Kolouchov\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology, University of Chemistry and Technology, 166 28 Prague, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kate\u0159ina","family":"Demnerov\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Chemistry and Technology, 166 28 Prague, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1007\/s00203-014-0983-1","article-title":"Biofilm formation and persistence on abiotic surfaces in the context of food and medical environments","volume":"196","author":"Abdallah","year":"2014","journal-title":"Arch. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"415","article-title":"Can the advantages of the genus Candida exceed the strong pathogenesis of some of its species?","volume":"113","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chem. Lett."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Schindler, J. (2001). The Universe, Vesm\u00edr, s.r.o."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fm.2014.04.015","article-title":"Biofilm-associated persistence of food-borne pathogens","volume":"45","author":"Bridier","year":"2015","journal-title":"Food Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"Melichar\u010d\u00edkov\u00e1, V. (1998). Sterilization and Disinfection in Healthcare, GRADA Publishing."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.32725\/jab.2003.002","article-title":"Biologically active pentacyclic triterpenes and their current medicine signification","volume":"1","author":"Patocka","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Appl. Biomed."},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"492","article-title":"The content of resveratrol in vegetables and fruit","volume":"99","author":"Melzoch","year":"2005","journal-title":"Chem. Lett."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"143","article-title":"Natural products and anti inflammatory activity","volume":"15","author":"Yauan","year":"2006","journal-title":"Asia Pac. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"Etzel, R. (1998). Use of Incense in the Treatment of Alzheimer\u2019s. (US720975A), Disease Patent."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"832","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-291X(86)90709-6","article-title":"Arachidonate 5 lipoxygenase inhibitors show potent antiproliferative effects on human leukemia cell lines","volume":"140","author":"Tsukada","year":"1986","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1002\/biof.5520130135","article-title":"Anti tumor and anti carcinogenic activities of triterpenoid, beta boswellic acid","volume":"13","author":"Huang","year":"2000","journal-title":"Biofactors"},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"511","article-title":"Effects of Boswellia serrata gum resin in patients with bronchial asthma. Results of a double blind, placebo controlled, 6 week clinical study","volume":"3","author":"Gupta","year":"1998","journal-title":"Eur. J. Med. Res."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1007\/s003840100292","article-title":"Acetyl 11 keto beta boswellic acid, a constituent of a herbal medicine from Boswellia serrata resin, attenuates experimental ileitis","volume":"16","author":"Krieglstein","year":"2001","journal-title":"Int. J. Colorectal Dis."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1007\/s12038-011-9056-7","article-title":"Growth inhibitory, apoptotic and anti inflammatory activities displayed by a novel modified triterpenoid, cyano enone of methyl boswellates","volume":"36","author":"Ravanan","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Biosci."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1007\/s11060-006-9248-4","article-title":"A lipoxygenase inhibitor in breast cancer brain metastases","volume":"82","author":"Flavin","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Neurooncol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodcont.2014.05.047","article-title":"Natural products as antimicrobial agents","volume":"46","author":"Gyawali","year":"2014","journal-title":"Food Control"},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"460","article-title":"Ammon, H.P. Inhibition by boswellic acids of human leukocyte elastase","volume":"281","author":"Safayhi","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Exp. Ther."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2006-960074","article-title":"Inhibition of leukotriene B4 formation in rat peritoneal neutrophils by an ethanolic extract of the gum resin exudate of Boswellia Serrata","volume":"57","author":"Ammon","year":"1991","journal-title":"Planta Med."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"837","DOI":"10.1002\/adic.200790068","article-title":"Chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of some oleogum resin essential oils from Boswellia spp. (Burseraceae)","volume":"97","author":"Camarda","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ann. Chim."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1472-765X.2008.02469.x","article-title":"In vitro anti- biofilm activity of Boswellia spp. oleogum resin essential oils","volume":"47","author":"Schillaci","year":"2008","journal-title":"Lett. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Raja, A.F., Ali, F., Khan, I.A., Shawl, A.S., Arora, D.S., Shah, B.A., and Taneja, S.C. (2011). Antistaphylococcal and biofilm inhibitory activities of acetyl-11-keto-\u03b2-boswellic acid from Boswellia serrata. BMC Microbiol., 11.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2180-11-54"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1100","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2006-947227","article-title":"Boswellic Acids in chronic inflammatory diseases","volume":"72","author":"Ammon","year":"2006","journal-title":"Planta Med."},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"255","article-title":"Boswellia serrata, a potential antiinflammatory agent","volume":"73","author":"Siddiqui","year":"2011","journal-title":"Indian J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2011.02.003","article-title":"Adherence and biofilm formation of non-Candida albicans Candida species","volume":"19","author":"Silva","year":"2011","journal-title":"Trends Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"606","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00013-08","article-title":"Candida parapsilosis, an Emerging Fungal Pathogen","volume":"21","author":"Trofa","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.12.4.501","article-title":"Antifungal agents: Mode of action, mechanisms of resistance, and correlation of these mechanisms with bacterial resistance","volume":"12","author":"Ghannoum","year":"1999","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vitale, R.G. (2021). Role of Antifungal Combinations in difficult to treat Candida infections. J. Fungi, 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/jof7090731"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1562","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiac.2021.06.017","article-title":"Comparison of mortality between echinocandins and polyenes for an initial treatment of candidemia: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"27","author":"Kato","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Infect. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/46.3.397","article-title":"Matrix polymers of Candida biofilms and their possible role in biofilm resistance to antifungal agents","volume":"46","author":"Baillie","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4333","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.71.8.4333-4340.2003","article-title":"Mechanism of fluconazole resistance in Candida albicans biofilms: Phase-specific role of efflux pumps and membrane sterols","volume":"71","author":"Mukherjee","year":"2003","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0507.2011.02076.x","article-title":"Antifungal susceptibility of Candida albicans in biofilms","volume":"55","author":"Tobudic","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mycoses"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2153","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.03599-14","article-title":"Quercetin sensitizes fluconazole-resistant Candida albicans to induce apoptotic cell death by modulating quorum sensing","volume":"59","author":"Singh","year":"2015","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/48.suppl_1.5","article-title":"Determination of minimum inhibitory concentrations","volume":"48","author":"Andrews","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob Chemother."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1099\/mic.0.25932-0","article-title":"Quantitative variation of biofilms among strains in natural populations of Candida albicans","volume":"149","author":"Li","year":"2003","journal-title":"Microbiology"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mimet.2014.07.024","article-title":"Optimization of tetrazolium salt assay for Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm using microtiter plate method","volume":"105","author":"Sabaeifard","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Microbiol. Methods"},{"key":"ref_36","unstructured":"Riss, T., Moravec, R., Niles, A., Benink, H., Worzella, T., and Minor, L. (2004). Cell Viability Assays. Assay Guidance Manual [Internet], Eli Lilly & Company and the National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1007\/s12223-018-0633-0","article-title":"Effect of resveratrol and regrapex-R-forte on Trichosporon cutaneum biofilm","volume":"64","author":"Krmela","year":"2019","journal-title":"Folia Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"704","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.82.6.704","article-title":"Systemic corticosteroid therapy side effects and their management","volume":"82","author":"Stanbury","year":"1998","journal-title":"Br. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.08570814","article-title":"Immunosuppressive medications","volume":"11","author":"Wiseman","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1551","DOI":"10.2174\/1381612824666180403122003","article-title":"Recent findings in molecular basis of inflammation and anti-inflammatory plants","volume":"24","author":"Kazemi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Pharm. Des."},{"key":"ref_41","first-page":"146832","article-title":"Plant-derived anti-inflammatory compounds: Hopes and disappointments regarding the translation of preclinical knowledge into clinical progress","volume":"2014","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mediat. Inflamm."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1159\/000084627","article-title":"Antifungal Chemotherapeutics","volume":"14","author":"Krcmery","year":"2005","journal-title":"Med. Princ. Pract."},{"key":"ref_43","first-page":"86","article-title":"Azolov\u00e1 antimykotika: Mechanizmy l\u00e9kov\u00fdch interakc\u00ed","volume":"23","author":"Grim","year":"2009","journal-title":"Klin. Farmakol. Farm."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.34172\/jhp.2021.07","article-title":"Quantitative screening of phytochemicals and pharmacological attributions of the leaves and stem barks of Macropanax dispermus (Araliaceae) in treating the inflammation and arthritis","volume":"10","author":"Afrin","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Herbmed. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_45","first-page":"1","article-title":"Where traditional drug discovery meets modern technology in the quest for new drugs","volume":"2","author":"Alzahrani","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann. Pharmacol. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_46","unstructured":"Mukherjee, P.K. (2015). Evidence-Based Validation of Herbal Medicine, Elsevier."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"710","DOI":"10.4103\/0253-7613.194851","article-title":"In vitro effectiveness of triterpenoids and their synergistic effect with antibiotics against Staphylococcus aureus strains","volume":"48","author":"Hamza","year":"2016","journal-title":"Indian J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Roy, N.K., Parama, D., Banik, K., Bordoloi, D., Devi, A.K., Thakur, K.K., Padmavathi, G., Shakibaei, M., Fan, L., and Sethi, G. (2019). An update on pharmacological potential of boswellic acids against chronic diseases. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20174101"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joca.2013.10.012","article-title":"Oral and topical boswellic acid attenuates mouse osteoarthritis","volume":"22","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Osteoarth. Cartil."},{"key":"ref_50","first-page":"261","article-title":"Topical Nanoemmigel Formulation of Boswellia serrata","volume":"80","author":"Harsha","year":"2018","journal-title":"Indian Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2504305","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/2504305","article-title":"Anti-inflammatory activity of Boswellia serrata extracts: An in vitro study on porcine aortic endothelial cells","volume":"2018","author":"Bertocchi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Oxidative Med. Cell Longev."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.4103\/ijabmr.IJABMR_248_18","article-title":"Effect of Boswellia serrata extract on acute inflammatory parameters and tumor necrosis factor-a in complete Freund\u2019s adjuvant-induced animal model of rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"9","author":"Kumar","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Appl. Basic Med. Res."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.3831\/KPI.2017.20.001","article-title":"Boswellic acid improves cognitive function in a rat model through its antioxidant activity:-Neuroprotective effect of Boswellic acid","volume":"20","author":"Ebrahimpour","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Pharmacopunct."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2980","DOI":"10.18203\/2320-6012.ijrms20161989","article-title":"Evaluation of antiinflammatory activity of Boswellia serrata on carrageenan induced paw edema in albino Wistar rats","volume":"4","author":"Ismail","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Res. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.2147\/OTT.S236346","article-title":"Acetyl-11-Keto-b-Boswellic Acid Exerts the Anti-Cancer Effects via Cell Cycle Arrest, Apoptosis Induction and Autophagy Suppression in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Cells","volume":"13","author":"Lv","year":"2020","journal-title":"OncoTargets Ther."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1016\/S1570-0232(03)00555-5","article-title":"Analysis of 12 different pentacyclic triterpenic acids from frankincense in human plasma by high-performance liquid chromatography and photodiode array detection","volume":"795","author":"Simmet","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr. B Analyt. Technol. Biomed. Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Karpinski, T.M., Ozarowski, M., Seremak-Mrozikiewicz, A., Wolski, H., and Adamczak, A. (2021). plant preparations and compounds with activities against biofilms formed by Candida spp.. J. Fungi, 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/jof7050360"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101195","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcab.2019.101195","article-title":"Anti-candidal and anti-virulence efficiency of selected seaweeds againstazole resistance Candida albicans","volume":"20","author":"Arumugam","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biocatal. Agric. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rajkowska, K., Nowicka-Krawczyk, P., and Kunicka-Styczynska, A. (2019). Efect of clove and thyme essential oils on Candida biofilm formation and the oil distribution in yeast cells. Molecules, 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules24101954"},{"key":"ref_60","first-page":"570","article-title":"Synergistic anticandidal activity of pure polyphenol curcumin I in combination with azoles and polyenes generates reactive oxygen species leading to apoptosis","volume":"10","author":"Sharma","year":"2010","journal-title":"FEMS Yeast Res."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"707.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prosdent.2020.12.017","article-title":"Fungicidal and inhibitory efficacy of cinnamon and lemongrass essential oils on Candida albicans biofilm established on acrylic resin: An in vitro study","volume":"125","author":"Choonharuangdej","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Prosthet. Dent."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Freires, I.A., Murata, R.M., Furletti, V.F., Sartoratto, A., Alencar, S., de Alencar, S.M., Figueira, G.M., de Oliveira Rodrigues, J.A., Duarte, M.C., and Rosalen, P.L. (2014). Coriandrum sativum L. (Coriander) Essential oil: Antifungal activity and mode of action on Candida spp., and molecular targets affected in human whole-genome expression. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0099086"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"887","DOI":"10.1016\/j.archoralbio.2014.05.006","article-title":"Antiadherent activity of Schinus terebinthifolius and Croton urucurana extracts on in vitro biofilm formation of Candida albicans and Streptococcus mutans","volume":"59","author":"Barbieri","year":"2014","journal-title":"Arch. Oral. Biol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1724","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2019.01724","article-title":"Anti-biofilm action of Chenopodium ambrosioides extract, cytotoxic potential and effects on acrylic denture surface","volume":"10","author":"Zago","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2016.00071","article-title":"In vitro effects of lemongrass extract on Candida albicans biofilms, human cells viability, and denture surface","volume":"6","author":"Madeira","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front. Cell Infect. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2017.09.062","article-title":"Antimicrobial and antibiofilm activities of nanoemulsions containing Eucalyptus globulus oil against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Candida spp.","volume":"112","author":"Quatrin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Microb. Pathog."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Salete, M.F.B., Galvo, L.C.C., Goes, V.F.F., Sartoratto, A., Figueira, G., Rehder, V.L., Alencar, S.M., Duarte, R.M., Rosalen, P.L., and Duarte, M.C. (2014). Action of essential oils from Brazilian native and exotic medicinal species on oral biofilms. BMC Complement. Altern. Med., 14.","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6882-14-451"},{"key":"ref_68","first-page":"561","article-title":"Recent progress on anti-Candida natural products","volume":"19","author":"Sun","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chin. J. Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"508","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2006.12.013","article-title":"Screening of plant extracts for antimicrobial activity against bacteria and yeasts with dermatological relevance","volume":"14","author":"Weckesser","year":"2017","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.4103\/abr.abr_205_18","article-title":"In vitro antibacterial effect of hydroalcoholic extract of Lawsonia inermis, Malva sylvestris, and Boswellia serrata on Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans","volume":"8","author":"Vahabi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv. Biomed. Res."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1111\/lam.12683","article-title":"Synergistic antimicrobial activity of Boswellia serrata Roxb. ex Colebr. (Burseraceae) essential oil with various azoles against pathogens associated with skin, scalp and nail infections","volume":"63","author":"Sadhasivam","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lett. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2709","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00057-14","article-title":"Activities of fluconazole, caspofungin, anidulafungin, and amphotericin b on planktonic and biofilm Candida species determined by microcalorimetry","volume":"58","author":"Maiolo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/S1130-1406(05)70002-4","article-title":"In vitro activities of voriconazole, fluconazole, itraconazole and amphotericin B against non Candida albicans yeast isolates","volume":"22","author":"Swinne","year":"2005","journal-title":"Rev. Iberoam. Micol."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/j.archoralbio.2016.10.013","article-title":"Antifungal activity, mode of action and anti-biofilm effects of Laurus nobilis Linnaeus essential oil against Candida spp.","volume":"73","author":"Peixoto","year":"2017","journal-title":"Arch. Oral. Biol."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Butassi, E., Svetaz, L., Carpinella, M.C., Efferth, T., and Zacchino, S. (2021). Fungal biofilms as a valuable target for the discovery of natural products that cope with the resistance of medically important fungi\u2014Latest findings. Antibiotics, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics10091053"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"626","DOI":"10.1080\/08927014.2021.1948538","article-title":"Suppression of hyphal formation and virulence of Candida albicans by natural and synthetic compounds","volume":"37","author":"Khan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biofouling"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1021","DOI":"10.1111\/myc.13148","article-title":"Breakthrough invasive fungal infections: Who is at risk?","volume":"63","author":"Jenks","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mycoses"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"622","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/civ746","article-title":"Role of echinocandins in fungal biofilm\u2013related disease: Vascular catheter\u2013related infections, immunomodulation, and mucosal surfaces","volume":"61","author":"Katragkou","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00029-06","article-title":"Epidemiology of invasive candidiasis: A persistent public health problem","volume":"20","author":"Pfaller","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol Rev."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104616","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2020.104616","article-title":"Distribution of invasive fungal infections: Molecular epidemiology, etiology, clinical conditions, diagnosis and risk factors: A 3-year experience with 490 patients under intensive care","volume":"152","author":"Shamsaei","year":"2021","journal-title":"Microb. Pathog."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1080\/14787210.2017.1328279","article-title":"Drug development challenges and strategies to address emerging and resistant fungal pathogens","volume":"15","author":"McCarthy","year":"2017","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Anti Infect Ther."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guimar\u00e3es, R., Milho, C., Liberal, A., Silva, J., Fonseca, C., Barbosa, A., Ferreira, I.C.F.R., Alves, M.J., and Barros, L. (2021). Antibiofilm Potential of Medicinal Plants against Candida spp. Oral Biofilms: A Review. Antibiotics, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics10091142"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6694876","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/6694876","article-title":"Phytomedicine from Middle Eastern countries: An alternative remedy to modern medicine against Candida spp. infection","volume":"2021","author":"Alam","year":"2021","journal-title":"Evid.-Based Complement. Altern. Med."}],"container-title":["Microorganisms"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2607\/10\/1\/171\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,13]],"date-time":"2025-10-13T13:27:16Z","timestamp":1760362036000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2607\/10\/1\/171"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,13]]},"references-count":83,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1]]}},"alternative-id":["microorganisms10010171"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/microorganisms10010171","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-2607"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-2607","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,13]]}}}