{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,12]],"date-time":"2026-09-12T05:39:04Z","timestamp":1789191544925,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,14]],"date-time":"2022-01-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1642118400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"South African Medical Research Council","award":["SAMRC"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SAMRC"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Listeria monocytogenes (L. monocytogenes) is the etiologic agent of listeriosis which significantly affects immunocompromised individuals. The potential risk of infection attributed to L. monocytogenes in irrigation water and agricultural soil, which are key transmission pathways of microbial hazards to the human population, was evaluated using the quantitative microbial risk assessment modelling. A Monte Carlo simulation with 10,000 iterations was used to characterize the risks. High counts of L. monocytogenes in irrigation water (mean: 11.96 \u00d7 102 CFU\/100 mL; range: 0.00 to 56.67 \u00d7 102 CFU\/100 mL) and agricultural soil samples (mean: 19.64 \u00d7 102 CFU\/g; range: 1.33 \u00d7 102 to 62.33 \u00d7 102 CFU\/g) were documented. Consequently, a high annual infection risk of 5.50 \u00d7 10\u22122 (0.00 to 48.30 \u00d7 10\u22122), 54.50 \u00d7 10\u22122 (9.10 \u00d7 10\u22123 to 1.00) and 70.50 \u00d7 10\u22122 (3.60 \u00d7 10\u22122 to 1.00) was observed for adults exposed to contaminated irrigation water, adults exposed to contaminated agricultural soil and children exposed to agricultural soil, respectively. This study, therefore, documents a huge public health threat attributed to the high probability of infection in humans exposed to L. monocytogenes in irrigation water and agricultural soil in Amathole and Chris Hani District Municipalities in the Eastern Cape province of South Africa.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms10010181","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,16]],"date-time":"2022-01-16T20:45:21Z","timestamp":1642365921000},"page":"181","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Modelling the Potential Risk of Infection Associated with Listeria monocytogenes in Irrigation Water and Agricultural Soil in Two District Municipalities in South Africa"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5721-6425","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chidozie Declan","family":"Iwu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"SAMRC Microbial Water Quality Monitoring Centre, University of Fort Hare, Alice 5700, South Africa"},{"name":"Applied and Environmental Microbiology Research Group, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Fort Hare, Alice 5700, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0765-7497","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chinwe Juliana","family":"Iwu-Jaja","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Health Systems and Public Health, Department of Global Health, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch 7600, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7041-5218","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rami","family":"Elhadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah P.O. Box 27272, United Arab Emirates"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6683-2075","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lucy","family":"Semerjian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah P.O. Box 27272, United Arab Emirates"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anthony Ifeanyin","family":"Okoh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"SAMRC Microbial Water Quality Monitoring Centre, University of Fort Hare, Alice 5700, South Africa"},{"name":"Applied and Environmental Microbiology Research Group, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Fort Hare, Alice 5700, South Africa"},{"name":"Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah P.O. 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