{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T19:18:18Z","timestamp":1790363898519,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,27]],"date-time":"2022-01-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1643241600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) is an infectious disease affecting the central nervous system. Recently, the occurrence of TBEV infections has steadily increased, reaching all-time high incidence rates in European countries. Up to 50% of patients with TBE present neurological sequelae, among them sleep\u2013wake and circadian disorders (SWCD), which are poorly characterized. The aim of this review is to investigate the prevalence, clinical characteristics, and prognosis of SWCD after TBE. The literature review was performed in accordance with PRISMA guidelines. The quality of the paper was assessed using a standardized quality assessment. The analysis of SWCD was categorized into four different time intervals and two age groups. The literature search identified 15 studies, five including children and 10 including adults. In children, fatigue was most frequently observed with a prevalence of 73.9%, followed by somnolence\/sleepiness, restlessness, and sleep-wake inversion. In adults, tiredness\/fatigue was the most reported sequela with a prevalence of 27.4%, followed by extensive daytime sleepiness\/somnolence, and insomnia (3.3%). Two studies showed impaired social outcomes in patients after TBE infections. SWCD after TBE in children and adults is a newly recognized sequela. Additional clinical and experimental research is needed to gain more precise insight into the clinical burden of SWCD after TBE and the underlying mechanisms.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms10020304","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,27]],"date-time":"2022-01-27T22:00:56Z","timestamp":1643320856000},"page":"304","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Sleep-Wake and Circadian Disorders after Tick-Borne Encephalitis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Gabriele","family":"Chiffi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Infectious Diseases, University of Bern, 3001 Bern, Switzerland"},{"name":"Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Denis","family":"Grandgirard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Infectious Diseases, University of Bern, 3001 Bern, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7347-6312","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Parham","family":"Sendi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Infectious Diseases, University of Bern, 3001 Bern, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8949-0645","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anelia","family":"Dietmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4535-0245","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Claudio L. A.","family":"Bassetti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland"},{"name":"Department of Neurology, Sechenov First Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1106-6123","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stephen L.","family":"Leib","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Infectious Diseases, University of Bern, 3001 Bern, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13845","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02086-14","article-title":"Variation of the Specificity of the Human Antibody Responses after Tick-Borne Encephalitis Virus Infection and Vaccination","volume":"88","author":"Jarmer","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. 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