{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T20:56:33Z","timestamp":1787086593272,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,21]],"date-time":"2022-02-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1645401600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Complications of indwelling urinary catheterization (IUC) are associated with significant morbidity and mortality, thus affecting patient\u2019s well-being. Understanding the magnitude and factors associated with complications is crucial in designing appropriate preventive strategies. A cross-sectional study was conducted at Bugando Medical Centre, involving patients with long-term and short-term IUC from December 2016 to September 2017. The data were analyzed by STATA 13.0. Catheter-associated urinary tract infection (CA-UTI) was the leading (56.8%; 250\/440) complication among patients with IUC. Gram-negative bacteria were predominantly isolated (98.1%, 252\/257), whereas E. coli (30.7%, 79\/257) and Klebsiella spp. (29.6%, 76\/257) were the leading pathogens. CA-UTI was significantly higher among out-patients than in-patients (82.2% v 35.3%, p &lt; 0.001). Older age (OR: 1.3, (95%CI: 1.1\u20131.5), p &lt; 0.001), level of education (OR: 1.8, (95%CI: 1.1\u20133.1), p = 0.029) and catheter duration of \u22656 weeks (OR: 2.43, (95%CI: 1.1\u20135.5), p = 0.031) independently predicted CA-UTI among outpatients, while female gender (OR: 2.1, (95%CI: 1.2\u20133.7), p = 0.014), catheter bags not freely hanging (OR: 0.4, (95%CI: 0.2\u20130.7), p = 0.002) and residing outside Mwanza region (OR: 0.4, (95%CI: 0.2\u20130.6), p &lt; 0.001) predicted CA-UTI among in-patients. CA-UTI is the common complication among patients with IUC, significantly higher in out-patients than in-patients. We recommend involving patients and carers in infection prevention and control measures in out-patients living with IUC.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms10020473","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,21]],"date-time":"2022-02-21T20:47:45Z","timestamp":1645476465000},"page":"473","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Urinary Tract Infections and Associated Factors among Patients with Indwelling Urinary Catheters Attending Bugando Medical Centre a Tertiary Hospital in Northwestern Tanzania"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Asteria L. M.","family":"Ndomba","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Archbishop Anthony Mayala School of Nursing, Catholic University of Health and Allied Sciences, Mwanza P.O. Box 1464, Tanzania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rose M.","family":"Laisser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Archbishop Anthony Mayala School of Nursing, Catholic University of Health and Allied Sciences, Mwanza P.O. Box 1464, Tanzania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4178-3254","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vitus","family":"Silago","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Bugando School of Medicine, Catholic University of Health and Allied Sciences, Mwanza P.O. Box 1464, Tanzania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Benson R.","family":"Kidenya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Weill Bugando School of Medicine, Catholic University of Health and Allied Sciences, Mwanza P.O. Box 1464, Tanzania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joseph","family":"Mwanga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Behavioral Sciences, Weill Bugando School of Medicine, Catholic University of Health and Allied Sciences, Mwanza P.O. Box 1464, Tanzania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2420-5329","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jeremiah","family":"Seni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Bugando School of Medicine, Catholic University of Health and Allied Sciences, Mwanza P.O. Box 1464, Tanzania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7526-6271","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stephen E.","family":"Mshana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Bugando School of Medicine, Catholic University of Health and Allied Sciences, Mwanza P.O. Box 1464, Tanzania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e20190522","DOI":"10.1590\/0034-7167-2019-0522","article-title":"Quality of life and body image of patients with urinary disorders","volume":"73","author":"Amaral","year":"2020","journal-title":"Rev. Bras. 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