{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T02:51:43Z","timestamp":1760151103946,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,21]],"date-time":"2022-02-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1645401600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006769","name":"Russian Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["17-16-01099"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["17-16-01099"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006769","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Chlamydia trachomatis (CT) is a major cause of sexually transmitted diseases worldwide. The multilocus sequence typing (MLST) of clinical samples from random heterosexual chlamydia patients who were either asymptomatic or reported clinical manifestations of genital chlamydiosis (n = 63) in each of the seven major regions of the Republic of Belarus in 2017\u20132018 revealed 12 different CT sequence types (STs). We found seven known STs, ST4, ST6, ST9, ST13, ST38, ST95 and ST110, and five novel variants, namely ST271\u2013ST275, which have not been detected elsewhere thus far. The ST4 variant was predominant (27\/63, 42.9%) and detected in six out of seven regions. The two most common STs, ST9 and ST13, were regularly seen in four out of seven regions. In contrast, the remaining STs, ST6, ST38, ST95, ST110, and novel STs271-275, surfaced randomly in different parts of the country. The emergence of novel STs was registered in two regions, namely Minsk (ST271 and ST275) and Brest (ST271, ST272, ST273, and ST274). All the STs of detected CT strains were clustered into two Groups, I and III, which are characteristic of CT urogenital strains. No STs typical for Group II, specific to the LGV strains, were revealed. Our study contributes to better understanding the genetic diversity and molecular evolution of CT, one of the most important pathogens in public health worldwide.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms10020478","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,21]],"date-time":"2022-02-21T20:47:45Z","timestamp":1645476465000},"page":"478","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Emergence of Novel Chlamydia trachomatis Sequence Types among Chlamydia Patients in the Republic of Belarus"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Valentina A.","family":"Feodorova","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Federal Research Center for Virology and Microbiology, Branch in Saratov, 410028 Saratov, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yury V.","family":"Saltykov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Federal Research Center for Virology and Microbiology, Branch in Saratov, 410028 Saratov, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anna A.","family":"Kolosova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Federal Research Center for Virology and Microbiology, Branch in Saratov, 410028 Saratov, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Liudmila V.","family":"Rubanik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Republican Research and Practical Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology, 220114 Minsk, Belarus"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nikolay N.","family":"Poleshchuk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Republican Research and Practical Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology, 220114 Minsk, Belarus"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vladimir L.","family":"Motin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"548","DOI":"10.2471\/BLT.18.228486","article-title":"Chlamydia, gonorrhoea, trichomoniasis and syphilis: Global prevalence and incidence estimates, 2016","volume":"97","author":"Rowley","year":"2019","journal-title":"Bull. World Health Organ."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"100143","article-title":"Spatiotemporal analysis of 11 years of Chlamydia trachomatis data from southern China","volume":"11","author":"Smith","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Reg. Health West. Pac."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pannekoek, Y., Morelli, G., Kusecek, B., Morr\u00e9, A.S., Ossewaarde, J.M., Langerak, A.A., and van der Ende, A. (2008). Multi locus sequence typing of Chlamydiales: Clonal groupings within the obligate intracellular bacteria Chlamydia trachomatis. BMC Microbiol., 8.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2180-8-42"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Feodorova, V.A., Konnova, S., Saltykov, Y., Zaitsev, S., Subbotina, I.A., Polyanina, T.I., Ulyanov, S.S., Lamers, S.L., Gaydos, C.A., and Quinn, T.C. (2018). Urogenital Chlamydia trachomatis multilocus sequence types and genovar distribution in chlamydia infected patients in a multi-ethnic region of Saratov, Russia. PLoS ONE, 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0195386"},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2016). Global Health Sector Strategy on Sexually Transmitted Infections 2016\u20132021. Towards Ending STIs."},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"1854","article-title":"Unveiling the Multilocus Sequence Typing (MLST) Schemes and Core Genome Phylogenies for Genotyping Chlamydia trachomatis","volume":"22","author":"Camargo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104990","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2021.104990","article-title":"Genome data vs MLST for exploring intraspecific evolutionary history in bacteria: Much is not always better","volume":"93","author":"Rusman","year":"2021","journal-title":"Infect. Genet. Evol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1410","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.02301-06","article-title":"High-resolution genotyping of Chlamydia trachomatis strains by multilocus sequence analysis","volume":"45","author":"Klint","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-695X.2008.00526.x","article-title":"Typing Chlamydia trachomatis: From egg yolk to nanotechnology","volume":"55","author":"Pedersen","year":"2009","journal-title":"FEMS Immunol. Med. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btw586","article-title":"stringMLST: A fast k-mer based tool for multilocus sequence typing","volume":"33","author":"Gupta","year":"2017","journal-title":"Bioinformatic."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-695X.2010.00678.x","article-title":"Comparative evaluation of new typing schemes for urogenital Chlamydia trachomatis isolates","volume":"59","author":"Ikryannikova","year":"2010","journal-title":"FEMS Immunol. Med. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ulianova, O., Ulyanov, S., Zaytsev, S., Saltykov, Y., Ulyanov, A., and Feodorova, V. (2021). Could LASCA-imaging of GB-speckles be applied for a high discrimination and typing of pathogenic bacteria?. PLoS ONE, 16.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0245657"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pilo, S., Valenci, G.Z., Rubinstein, M., Pichadze, L., Scharf, Y., Dveyrin, Z., Rorman, E., and Nissan, I. (2021). High-resolution multilocus sequence typing for Chlamydia trachomatis: Improved results for clinical samples with low amounts of C. trachomatis DNA. BMC Microbiol., 18.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-020-02077-y"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2838","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00883-11","article-title":"High-resolution genotyping of Chlamydia trachomatis by use of a novel multilocus typing DNA microarray","volume":"49","author":"Christerson","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mimet.2016.06.005","article-title":"Comparison of multilocus sequence typing and multilocus typing microarray of Chlamydia trachomatis strains from Argentina and Chile","volume":"127","author":"Isaksson","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Microbiol. Methods."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2844","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00128-11","article-title":"Evaluation of high-resolution typing methods for Chlamydia trachomatis in samples from heterosexual couples","volume":"49","author":"Bom","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2172","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00249-15","article-title":"Global Multilocus Sequence Type Analysis of Chlamydia trachomatis Strains from 16 Countries","volume":"53","author":"Herrmann","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1385","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1509.090272","article-title":"Predicting phenotype and emerging strains among Chlamydia trachomatis infections","volume":"15","author":"Dean","year":"2009","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1462","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1409.080153","article-title":"Emergence and spread of Chlamydia trachomatis variant, Sweden","volume":"14","author":"Herrmann","year":"2008","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1136\/sti.2009.037572","article-title":"Characterisation of Chlamydia trachomatis by ompA sequencing and multilocus sequence typing in a Swedish county before and after identification of the new variant","volume":"86","author":"Jurstrand","year":"2010","journal-title":"Sex. Transm. Infect."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gravningen, K., Christerson, L., Furberg, A.-S., Simonsen, G.S., Odman, K., Stahlsten, A., and Herrmann, B. (2012). Multilocus sequence typing of genital Chlamydia trachomatis in Norway reveals multiple new sequence types and a large genetic diversity. PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0034452"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3548","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01713-12","article-title":"Chlamydia trachomatis strains show specific clustering for men who have sex with men compared to heterosexual populations in Sweden, the Netherlands, and the United States","volume":"50","author":"Christerson","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bom, R.J.M., Van Der Helm, J.J., Van Der Loeff, M.F.S., Van Rooijen, M.S., Heijman, T., Matser, A., De Vries, H.J.C., and Bruisten, S.M. (2013). Distinct transmission networks of Chlamydia trachomatis in men who have sex with men and heterosexual adults in Amsterdam, The Netherlands. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0053869"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1777","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1611.100379","article-title":"Typing of lymphogranuloma venereum Chlamydia trachomatis strains","volume":"16","author":"Christerson","year":"2010","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1684","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.000597","article-title":"Lymphogranuloma venereum rates increased and Chlamydia trachomatis genotypes changed among men who have sex with men in Sweden 2004\u20132016","volume":"66","author":"Isaksson","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Med. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Versteeg, B., van Rooijen, M.S., Schim van der Loeff, M.F., de Vries, H.J.C., and Bruisten, S.M. (2014). No indication for tissue tropism in urogenital and anorectal Chlamydia trachomatis infections using high-resolution multilocus sequence typing. BMC Infect. Dis., 14.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-14-464"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-019-3743-x","article-title":"Impact of a single round of mass drug administration with azithromycin on active trachoma and ocular Chlamydia trachomatis prevalence and circulating strains in The Gambia and Senegal","volume":"12","author":"Holland","year":"2019","journal-title":"Parasit. Vectors"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"910.e5","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2018.01.025","article-title":"Chlamydia trachomatis genotypes A and B from urogenital specimens of patients in Spain: Molecular characterization","volume":"24","author":"Isaksson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100584","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nmni.2019.100584","article-title":"Multi-locus sequence analysis reveals a novel sequence type of Chlamydia trachomatis in Saratov Region, Russia","volume":"31","author":"Feodorova","year":"2019","journal-title":"New Microbes New Infect."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Feodorova, V.A., Zaitsev, S.S., Saltykov, Y.V., Sultanakhmedov, E.S., Bakulev, A.L., Ulyanov, S.S., and Motin, V.L. (2019). An Asymptomatic Patient with Fatal Infertility Carried a Swedish Strain of Chlamydia trachomatis with Additional Deletion in The Plasmid orf1 that Belonged to A Different MLST Sequence Type. Microorganisms, 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms7070187"},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"The Ministry of Health of the Republic of Belarus (2019). Public Health in the Republic of Belarus: An Official Statistics Collection, 2018."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1870","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msw054","article-title":"MEGA7: Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis Version 7.0 for Bigger Datasets","volume":"33","author":"Kumar","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Evol."},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"Mohseni, M., Sung, S., and Takov, V. (2022). Chlamydia. StatPearls [Internet], StatPearls Publishing."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.1097\/OLQ.0b013e31820b8be0","article-title":"Multilocus sequence typing of urogenital Chlamydia trachomatis from patients with different degrees of clinical symptoms","volume":"38","author":"Christerson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Sex. Transm. Dis."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1136\/sextrans-2014-051790","article-title":"Urogenital Chlamydia trachomatis strain types, defined by high-resolution multilocus sequence typing, in relation to ethnicity and urogenital symptoms among a young screening population in Amsterdam, The Netherlands","volume":"91","author":"Versteeg","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sex. Transm. Infect."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.2214","article-title":"Whole-genome analysis of diverse Chlamydia trachomatis strains identifies phylogenetic relationships masked by current clinical typing","volume":"44","author":"Harris","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat Genet."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"754","DOI":"10.1126\/science.282.5389.754","article-title":"Genome sequence of an obligate intracellular pathogen of humans: Chlamydia trachomatis","volume":"282","author":"Stephens","year":"1998","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1220","DOI":"10.1101\/gr.212647.116","article-title":"Comprehensive global genome dynamics of Chlamydia trachomatis show ancient diversification followed by contemporary mixing and recent lineage expansion","volume":"27","author":"Hadfield","year":"2017","journal-title":"Genome Res."}],"container-title":["Microorganisms"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2607\/10\/2\/478\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T22:23:58Z","timestamp":1760135038000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2607\/10\/2\/478"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,21]]},"references-count":38,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2]]}},"alternative-id":["microorganisms10020478"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/microorganisms10020478","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-2607"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2076-2607"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,21]]}}}