{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T23:12:21Z","timestamp":1790118741636,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":98,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,25]],"date-time":"2022-02-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1645747200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008993","name":"Nederlandse Vereniging voor Tropische Geneeskunde","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Otto Kranendonk Fund"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Otto Kranendonk Fund"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008993","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>We investigated the vaginal microbiota (VMB) composition, prevalence of genital pathogens and their association among pregnant and post-delivery women in Pemba Island, Tanzania. Vaginal swabs were collected from 90 women, at two time points during pregnancy (&lt;20 weeks of gestational age [GA] and \u226520 weeks GA) and once after delivery, when possible. IS-pro assay was used for VMB characterization. Chlamydia trachomatis (CT), Neisseria gonorrhea (NG), Trichomonas vaginalis (TV), Mycoplasma genitalium (MG) and human papillomavirus (HPV) were detected by qPCRs. VMB were mostly Lactobacillus dominant during pregnancy and non-Lactobacillus dominant post-delivery. A significant decrease in VMB richness was observed during pregnancy among paired and unpaired samples. Shannon diversity was significantly lower during pregnancy than post-delivery among unpaired samples. Klebsiella species and Streptococcus anginosus were the most commonly identified pathobionts at all timepoints. A high abundance of pathobionts was mostly seen in women with non-Lactobacillus dominant VMB. At \u226520 weeks GA timepoint during pregnancy, 63.0% of the women carrying one or more genital pathogen (either HPV, CT, TV, or MG) had L. iners dominant VMB. NG was not detected pre-delivery. This study contributes evidence on VMB composition, its changes during pregnancy and post-delivery, and their association with pathobionts and genital pathogens.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms10030509","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,27]],"date-time":"2022-02-27T20:47:17Z","timestamp":1645994837000},"page":"509","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["The Vaginal Microbiota Composition and Genital Infections during and after Pregnancy among Women in Pemba Island, Tanzania"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Naomi C. A.","family":"Juliana","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Public Health Genomics (IPHG), Department of Genetics and Cell Biology, Research School GROW (School for Oncology & Reproduction), Faculty of Health, Medicine & Life Sciences, University of Maastricht, 6200 Maastricht, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8865-7194","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Saikat","family":"Deb","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Public Health Laboratory\u2014Ivo de Carneri, Chake Chake 74201, Pemba Island, Tanzania"},{"name":"Centre for Public Health Kinetics, New Delhi 110024, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohamed H.","family":"Juma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Public Health Laboratory\u2014Ivo de Carneri, Chake Chake 74201, Pemba Island, Tanzania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Linda","family":"Poort","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"inBiome, 1098 Amsterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andries E.","family":"Budding","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"inBiome, 1098 Amsterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdalla","family":"Mbarouk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Public Health Laboratory\u2014Ivo de Carneri, Chake Chake 74201, Pemba Island, Tanzania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Said M.","family":"Ali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Public Health Laboratory\u2014Ivo de Carneri, Chake Chake 74201, Pemba Island, Tanzania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sander","family":"Ouburg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Immunogenetics, Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Control, Amsterdam UMC, Location AMC, 1105 Amsterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Servaas A.","family":"Morr\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Public Health Genomics (IPHG), Department of Genetics and Cell Biology, Research School GROW (School for Oncology & Reproduction), Faculty of Health, Medicine & Life Sciences, University of Maastricht, 6200 Maastricht, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sunil","family":"Sazawal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Public Health Kinetics, New Delhi 110024, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6975-8213","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elena","family":"Ambrosino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Public Health Genomics (IPHG), Department of Genetics and Cell Biology, Research School GROW (School for Oncology & Reproduction), Faculty of Health, Medicine & Life Sciences, University of Maastricht, 6200 Maastricht, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-015-0094-5","article-title":"The vocabulary of microbiome research: A proposal","volume":"3","author":"Marchesi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Microbiome"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1097\/LGT.0000000000000643","article-title":"The Vaginal Microbiome: I. 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