{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T06:01:11Z","timestamp":1790834471764,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,26]],"date-time":"2022-02-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1645833600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"QS Qualit\u00e4t und Sicherheit GmbH science fund","award":["Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin Contract Number: 2018000308"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin Contract Number: 2018000308"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Listeria (L.) monocytogenes is a foodborne pathogen that can cause disease, mainly in elderly, pregnant or immunocompromised persons through consumption of contaminated food, including pork products. It is widespread in the environment and can also be found in asymptomatic carrier animals, for example, in different tissues of pigs. To learn more about their nature, 16 Listeria spp. isolates found in tonsils and intestinal content of pigs and 13 isolates from the slaughterhouse environment were characterized using next-generation sequencing (NGS). A wide distribution of clonal complexes was observed in pigs, as well as in the pork production chain, suggesting multiple sources of entry. Hypervirulent clones were found in pig tonsils, showing the potential risk of pigs as source of isolates causing human disease. The presence of closely related isolates along the production chain suggests a cross-contamination in the slaughterhouse or recontamination from the same source, strengthening the importance of efficient cleaning and disinfection procedures. The phenotypical antimicrobial resistance status of L. monocytogenes isolates was examined via broth microdilution and revealed a low resistance level. Nevertheless, genotypical resistance data suggested multiple resistances in some non-pathogenic L. innocua isolates from pig samples, which might pose a risk of spreading resistances to pathogenic species.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms10030512","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,27]],"date-time":"2022-02-27T20:47:17Z","timestamp":1645994837000},"page":"512","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Distribution and Characteristics of Listeria spp. in Pigs and Pork Production Chains in Germany"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7800-4189","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Verena","family":"Oswaldi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Food Safety and Food Hygiene, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin, K\u00f6nigsweg 67, 14163 Berlin, Germany"},{"name":"Animal Health Team, European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), Via Carlo Magno 1A, 43126 Parma, Italy"},{"name":"Veterinary Centre for Resistance Research (TZR), Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin, Robert-von-Ostertag-Str. 8, 14163 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6321-3869","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefanie","family":"L\u00fcth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department Biological Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Diedersdorfer Weg1, 12277 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4184-3149","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Janine","family":"Dzierzon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Food Safety and Food Hygiene, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin, K\u00f6nigsweg 67, 14163 Berlin, Germany"},{"name":"Veterinary Centre for Resistance Research (TZR), Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin, Robert-von-Ostertag-Str. 8, 14163 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4824-048X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Diana","family":"Meemken","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Food Safety and Food Hygiene, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin, K\u00f6nigsweg 67, 14163 Berlin, Germany"},{"name":"Veterinary Centre for Resistance Research (TZR), Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin, Robert-von-Ostertag-Str. 8, 14163 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6303-8212","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefan","family":"Schwarz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterinary Centre for Resistance Research (TZR), Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin, Robert-von-Ostertag-Str. 8, 14163 Berlin, Germany"},{"name":"Institute of Microbiology and Epizootics, Centre of Infection Medicine, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin, Robert-von-Ostertag-Str. 7, 14163 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea T.","family":"Fe\u00dfler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterinary Centre for Resistance Research (TZR), Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin, Robert-von-Ostertag-Str. 8, 14163 Berlin, Germany"},{"name":"Institute of Microbiology and Epizootics, Centre of Infection Medicine, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin, Robert-von-Ostertag-Str. 7, 14163 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8658-8874","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Benjamin","family":"F\u00e9lix","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Salmonella and Listeria Unit, Laboratory for Food Safety, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES), University of Paris-Est, 14, rue Pierre et Marie Curie, CEDEX, 94706 Maisons-Alfort, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8037-8481","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Susann","family":"Langforth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Food Safety and Food Hygiene, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin, K\u00f6nigsweg 67, 14163 Berlin, Germany"},{"name":"Veterinary Centre for Resistance Research (TZR), Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin, Robert-von-Ostertag-Str. 8, 14163 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodcont.2016.12.016","article-title":"A review of Listeria monocytogenes: An update on outbreaks, virulence, dose-response, ecology, and risk 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