{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T13:08:50Z","timestamp":1792156130631,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,28]],"date-time":"2022-02-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1646006400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000024","name":"Canadian Institutes of Health Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PJT-148614"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PJT-148614"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000024","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000156","name":"Fonds de Recherche du Qu\u00e9bec - Sant\u00e9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["N\/A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N\/A"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000156","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001804","name":"Canada Research Chairs","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["N\/A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N\/A"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001804","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Hematopoietic stem\/progenitor cells (HSPC) are responsible for the generation of most immune cells throughout the lifespan of the organism. Inflammation can activate bone marrow HSPCs, leading to enhanced myelopoiesis to replace cells, such as neutrophils, which are attracted to inflamed tissues. We have previously shown that HSPC activation promotes parasite persistence and expansion in experimental visceral leishmaniasis through the increased production of permissive monocytes. However, it is not clear if the presence of the parasite in the bone marrow was required for infection-adapted myelopoiesis. We therefore hypothesized that persistent forms of Leishmania major (cutaneous leishmaniasis) could also activate HSPCs and myeloid precursors in the C57Bl\/6 mouse model of intradermal infection in the ear. The accrued influx of myeloid cells to the lesion site corresponded to an increase in myeloid-biased HSPCs in the bone marrow and spleen in mice infected with a persistent strain of L. major, together with an increase in monocytes and monocyte-derived myeloid cells in the spleen. Analysis of the bone marrow cytokine and chemokine environment revealed an attenuated type I and type II interferon response in the mice infected with the persistent strain compared to the self-healing strain, while both strains induced a rapid upregulation of myelopoietic cytokines, such as IL-1\u03b2 and GM-CSF. These results demonstrate that an active infection in the bone marrow is not necessary for the induction of infection-adapted myelopoiesis, and underline the importance of considering alterations to the bone marrow output when analyzing in vivo host-pathogen interactions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms10030535","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,28]],"date-time":"2022-02-28T20:11:14Z","timestamp":1646079074000},"page":"535","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Persistent Cutaneous Leishmania major Infection Promotes Infection-Adapted Myelopoiesis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1135-1450","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fabio Luiz","family":"Bandeira Ferreira","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre Armand Frappier Sant\u00e9 Biotechnologie, Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, Laval, QC H7V 1B7, Canada"},{"name":"Centre d\u2019Excellence en Recherche sur les Maladies Orphelines-Fondation Courtois (CERMO-FC), Montreal, QC H2X 3Y7, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Olivier","family":"S\u00e9guin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre Armand Frappier Sant\u00e9 Biotechnologie, Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, Laval, QC H7V 1B7, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0633-5309","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Albert","family":"Descoteaux","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre Armand Frappier Sant\u00e9 Biotechnologie, Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, Laval, QC H7V 1B7, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2410-4432","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Krista M.","family":"Heinonen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre Armand Frappier Sant\u00e9 Biotechnologie, Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, Laval, QC H7V 1B7, Canada"},{"name":"Centre d\u2019Excellence en Recherche sur les Maladies Orphelines-Fondation Courtois (CERMO-FC), Montreal, QC H2X 3Y7, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.1038\/nature25022","article-title":"From haematopoietic stem cells to complex differentiation landscapes","volume":"553","author":"Laurenti","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1106","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2018-03-791517","article-title":"Differentiation-based model of hematopoietic stem cell functions and lineage pathways","volume":"132","author":"Hofer","year":"2018","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1007\/s12185-017-2266-5","article-title":"Impact of inflammation on early hematopoiesis and the microenvironment","volume":"106","author":"Takizawa","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. 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