{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T12:33:17Z","timestamp":1791808397937,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,22]],"date-time":"2022-03-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1647907200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["15H05264 and 20KK0154"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["15H05264 and 20KK0154"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"JSPS Bilateral Program","award":["JPJSBP120219936"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JPJSBP120219936"]}]},{"name":"University of the Philippines Balik PhD (Foreign-trained PhD) grant","award":["none"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["none"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Babesia and Theileria are tick-borne protozoan parasites that can cause significant economic losses in the cattle industry. This study aimed to contribute to the limited epidemiological data on Theileria orientalis as well as Babesia bigemina and B. bovis in large ruminants in the Philippines. Blood samples of 412 cattle and 108 water buffalo collected from four provinces in Southern Luzon, Philippines, were initially tested for the 18S rRNA gene of piroplasms through nested PCR. Positive samples were further subjected to species-specific PCR. The 18s rRNA of piroplasms was detected in 123 (29.9%) cattle and three (2.8%) water buffaloes. Theileria orientalis was found to be the most common piroplasm in cattle with a detection rate of 17.5%, followed by Babesia bovis and B. bigemina. Co-infections were also observed. Two water buffaloes were found infected with B. bovis, while one was positive for B. bigemina. The phylogenetic tree for B. bovis showed clustering of the isolates in two clades together with isolates from other countries, and a third separate clade. Meanwhile, the T. orientalis isolates in this study were distributed in three clades together with reported isolates from other countries. This study confirms the presence of T. orientalis in the Philippines and reports the genetic diversity of B. bovis and T. orientalis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms10040678","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,22]],"date-time":"2022-03-22T23:30:23Z","timestamp":1647991823000},"page":"678","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Molecular Detection and Characterization of Babesia and Theileria in Cattle and Water Buffaloes from Southern Luzon, Philippines"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Ian Cary B.","family":"Prado","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of the Philippines Los Ba\u00f1os, Laguna 4031, Philippines"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0327-6593","authenticated-orcid":false,"suffix":"Jr.","given":"Larry Xerxes B.","family":"Capuno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Paraclinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of the Philippines Los Ba\u00f1os, Laguna 4031, Philippines"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Princess DLP.","family":"Collera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Paraclinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of the Philippines Los Ba\u00f1os, Laguna 4031, Philippines"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aaron Paul D.","family":"Cabralda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Paraclinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of the Philippines Los Ba\u00f1os, Laguna 4031, Philippines"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kristina Andrea S.","family":"De Ramos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Paraclinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of the Philippines Los Ba\u00f1os, Laguna 4031, Philippines"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John Michael G.","family":"Bernardo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Paraclinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of the Philippines Los Ba\u00f1os, Laguna 4031, Philippines"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8414-7442","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Billy P.","family":"Divina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Paraclinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of the Philippines Los Ba\u00f1os, Laguna 4031, Philippines"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2347-4079","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tatsunori","family":"Masatani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Zoonotic Diseases, Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, Yanagido 1-1, Gifu 501-1193, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1756-924X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tetsuya","family":"Tanaka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Korimoto 1-21-24, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9749-8308","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Remil L.","family":"Galay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Paraclinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of the Philippines Los Ba\u00f1os, Laguna 4031, Philippines"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Philippine Statistics Authority (2022, January 27). Cattle Situation Report July to September 2021, Available online: https:\/\/psa.gov.ph\/content\/cattle-situation-report-july-september-2021-0."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Philippine Statistics Authority (2022, January 27). Carabao Situation Report July to September 2021, Available online: https:\/\/psa.gov.ph\/content\/carabao-situation-report-july-september-2021-0."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Food and Agriculture Organization (2022, January 28). Status of the Philippines\u2019 Animal Genetic Resources (A Country Report) 2003. Available online: https:\/\/www.fao.org\/3\/a1250e\/annexes\/CountryReports\/Philippines.pdf."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"The Beef Cattle Production Committee (2008). The Philippines Recommends for Beef Cattle Production, PCARRD\u2014DOST."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"The Carabao Production Committee (2002). The Philippines Recommends for Carabao Production, PCARRD\u2014DOST."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.53899\/spjrd.v26i2.152","article-title":"The conventional and modern uses of water buffalo milk in the Philippines","volume":"26","author":"Tsuji","year":"2021","journal-title":"Southeast. Philipp. J. Res. Dev."},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"Philippine Carabao Center (2022, January 28). Constraints to Local Carabao Production, Available online: https:\/\/www.pcc.gov.ph\/constraints-to-local-carabao-production\/."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parint.2017.11.009","article-title":"Historical review and insights on the livestock tick-borne disease research of a developing country: The Philippine scenario","volume":"67","author":"Mingala","year":"2018","journal-title":"Parasitol. Int."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1019","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-012-2926-6","article-title":"The use of different diagnostic tools for Babesia and Theileria parasites in cattle in Menofia, Egypt","volume":"111","author":"Nayel","year":"2012","journal-title":"Parasitol. Res."},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"World Organization for Animal Health (2022, January 28). Terrestrial Code Online Access. Available online: https:\/\/www.oie.int\/en\/what-we-do\/standards\/codes-and-manuals\/terrestrial-code-online-access\/."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Archibald, J.M., Simpson, A.G.B., and Slamovits, C.H. (2017). Apicomplexa. Handbook of the Protists, Springer International Publishing AG.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-28149-0"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.13.3.451","article-title":"Babesiosis","volume":"13","author":"Homer","year":"2000","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182004005190","article-title":"Babesiosis of cattle","volume":"129","author":"Bock","year":"2004","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2012.09.008","article-title":"Bovine babesiosis in the 21st century: Advances in biology and functional genomics","volume":"43","author":"Gohil","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"Fox, J.G., Anderson, L.C., Otto, G.M., Pritchett-Corning, K.R., and Whary, M.T. (2015). Biology and diseases of ruminants (sheep, goats, and cattle). Laboratory Animal Medicine, Elsevier. [3rd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"1","article-title":"Natural Babesia bovis infection in water buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis) and crossbred cattle under field conditions in Egypt: A preliminary study","volume":"8","author":"Mahmmod","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Arthropod Borne Dis."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1358","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2018.04.012","article-title":"Mitigated clinical disease in water buffaloes experimentally infected with Babesia bovis","volume":"9","author":"Benitez","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ticks Tick Borne Dis."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-019-06557-7","article-title":"An appraisal of oriental theileriosis and the Theileria orientalis complex, with an emphasis on diagnosis and genetic characterisation","volume":"119","author":"Gebrekidan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Parasitol. Res."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2014.07.013","article-title":"Evolution and genetic diversity of Theileria","volume":"27","author":"Sivakumar","year":"2014","journal-title":"Infect. Genet. Evol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2008.09.025","article-title":"Molecular detection of Theileria and Babesia infections in cattle","volume":"158","author":"Altay","year":"2008","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1080\/00480169.2011.552857","article-title":"An outbreak of haemolytic anaemia associated with infection of Theileria orientalis in naive cattle","volume":"59","author":"McFadden","year":"2011","journal-title":"N. Z. Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182015001468","article-title":"Fatal Theileria orientalis N2 genotype infection among Asian water buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis) in a commercial dairy farm in Kerala, India","volume":"143","author":"Vinodkumar","year":"2016","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"508","DOI":"10.1007\/s12639-013-0386-2","article-title":"Detection of theileriosis in cattle and buffaloes by polymerase chain reaction","volume":"39","author":"Kundave","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Parasit. Dis."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-018-3035-x","article-title":"Molecular survey of piroplasm species from selected areas of China and Pakistan","volume":"11","author":"Hassan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Parasites Vectors"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.2478\/s11686-014-0256-9","article-title":"Molecular detection and characterization of Theileria species in the Philippines","volume":"59","author":"Belotindos","year":"2014","journal-title":"Acta Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"995","DOI":"10.1292\/jvms.12-0425","article-title":"Epidemiological survey of Babesia bovis and Babesia bigemina infections of cattle in Philippines","volume":"75","author":"Yu","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Vet. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Galay, R.L., Talactac, M.R., Ambita-Salem, B.V., Chu, D.M.M., Costa, L.M.O.d., Salangsang, C.M.A., Caracas, D.K.B., Generoso, F.H., Babelonia, J.A., and Vergano, J.L. (2020). Molecular Detection of Rickettsia spp. and Coxiella burnetii in Cattle, Water Buffalo, and Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus Ticks in Luzon Island of the Philippines. Trop. Med. Infect. Dis., 5.","DOI":"10.3390\/tropicalmed5020054"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2021.746705","article-title":"Molecular prevalence of Anaplasma marginale and Ehrlichia in domestic large ruminants and Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus ticks from Southern Luzon, Philippines","volume":"8","author":"Galay","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA) (2022, March 16). Climatological Data (Tanay Station) from 1999\u20132020, Available online: https:\/\/www.pagasa.dost.gov.ph\/climate\/climate-data."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-4017(93)90229-G","article-title":"Therapeutic and persistent efficacy of doramectin against Boophilus microplus in cattle","volume":"49","author":"Gonzales","year":"1993","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-018-3192-y","article-title":"Molecular detection of tick-borne pathogens in canine population and Rhipicephalus sanguineus (sensu lato) ticks from southern Metro Manila and Laguna, Philippines","volume":"11","author":"Galay","year":"2018","journal-title":"Parasites Vectors"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2012.01.008","article-title":"Genetic detection of Babesia bigemina from Mongolian cattle using apical membrane antigen-1 gene-based PCR technique","volume":"87","author":"Sivakumar","year":"2012","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2011.01.041","article-title":"Molecular and serological prevalence of Babesia bovis and Babesia bigemina in water buffaloes in the northeast region of Thailand","volume":"178","author":"Terkawi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"937","article-title":"Epidemiological survey of Theileria orientalis infection in grazing cattle in the Eastern part of Hokkaido, Japan","volume":"71","author":"Ota","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Vet. Med."},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"(2022, February 02). Clustal Omega- Multiple Sequence Alignment. Available online: https:\/\/www.ebi.ac.uk\/Tools\/msa\/clustalo\/."},{"key":"ref_36","unstructured":"(2022, February 02). Basic Local Alignment Search Tool, Available online: https:\/\/blast.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/Blast.cgi."},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"309","article-title":"Prevalence of babesiosis (Babesia bovis and Babesia bigemina) in cattle and water buffalo in Nueva Ecija, Philippines using Nested Polymerase Chain Reaction","volume":"63","author":"Herrera","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"886","DOI":"10.1292\/jvms.19-0636","article-title":"Molecular survey of tick-borne pathogens infecting backyard cattle and water buffaloes in Quezon province, Philippines","volume":"82","author":"Galon","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Vet. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2015.05.019","article-title":"Molecular epidemiological survey and genetic analysis of vector-borne infections of cattle in Luzon Island, the Philippines","volume":"212","author":"Ochirkhuu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2013.02.013","article-title":"Molecular survey of bovine vector-borne pathogens in Cebu, Philippines","volume":"196","author":"Sivakumar","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"550","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-017-2502-0","article-title":"Molecular and serological detection of bovine babesiosis in Indonesia","volume":"10","author":"Guswanto","year":"2017","journal-title":"Parasit. Vectors"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2015.10.010","article-title":"Molecular survey of Babesia infections in cattle from different areas of Myanmar","volume":"7","author":"Bawm","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ticks Tick Borne Dis."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parint.2015.10.005","article-title":"Molecular epidemiology of bovine Babesia spp. and Theileria orientalis parasites in beef cattle from northern and northeastern Thailand","volume":"65","author":"Jirapattharasate","year":"2016","journal-title":"Parasitol. Int."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1361","DOI":"10.1292\/jvms.16-0099","article-title":"Epidemiology of bovine hemoprotozoa parasites in cattle and water buffalo in Vietnam","volume":"78","author":"Weerasooriya","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Vet. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1455","DOI":"10.1292\/jvms.13-0221","article-title":"PCR detection and genetic diversity of bovine hemoprotozoan parasites in Vietnam","volume":"75","author":"Sivakumar","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Vet. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"815","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2019.03.016","article-title":"First molecular detection and characterization of tick-borne pathogens in water buffaloes in Bohol, Philippines","volume":"10","author":"Galon","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ticks Tick Borne Dis."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2009.02.006","article-title":"Comparative moleculo-immunological analysis of swamp- and riverine-type water buffaloes responses","volume":"46","author":"Mingala","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cytokine"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1007\/s00484-004-0206-6","article-title":"Analysis of climatic risk for cattle and buffalo production in northeast Thailand","volume":"49","author":"Somparn","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int. J. Biometeorol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"678","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2013.05.020","article-title":"Molecular and serological prevalence of Babesia bovis and Babesia bigemina in water buffaloes in the north region of Brazil","volume":"197","author":"Andre","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.1292\/jvms.10-0472","article-title":"Molecular epidemiological survey of Theileria orientalis in Thua Thien Hue Province, Vietnam","volume":"73","author":"Khukhuu","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Vet. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109516","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2021.109516","article-title":"Detection and distribution of haematophagous flies and lice on cattle farms and potential role in the transmission of Theileria orientalis","volume":"298","author":"Lakew","year":"2021","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_52","unstructured":"Abubakar, M., and Perera, P.K. Oriental Theileriosis. Ticks and Tick-Borne Pathogens, IntechOpen."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3775","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.42.8.3775-3780.2004","article-title":"Concurrent infections with vector-borne pathogens associated with fatal hemolytic anemia in a cattle herd in Switzerland","volume":"42","author":"Meli","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2111","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00220-12","article-title":"PCR detection of Babesia ovata from cattle reared in Japan and clinical significance of coinfection with Theileria orientalis","volume":"50","author":"Sivakumar","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1292\/jvms.12-0329","article-title":"A PCR based survey of Babesia ovata in cattle from various Asian, African and South American countries","volume":"75","author":"Yoshinari","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Vet. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-008-0995-3","article-title":"A molecular survey of Theileria and Babesia parasites in cattle, with a note on the distribution of ticks in Tunisia","volume":"103","author":"Hurtado","year":"2008","journal-title":"Parasitol. Res."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-020-04287-9","article-title":"Distribution and prevalence of ticks and tick-borne disease on sheep and cattle farms in Great Britain","volume":"13","author":"Lihou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Parasites Vectors"}],"container-title":["Microorganisms"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2607\/10\/4\/678\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T22:41:11Z","timestamp":1760136071000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2607\/10\/4\/678"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,22]]},"references-count":57,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4]]}},"alternative-id":["microorganisms10040678"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/microorganisms10040678","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-2607"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-2607","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,22]]}}}