{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,3]],"date-time":"2026-10-03T15:19:40Z","timestamp":1791040780802,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,24]],"date-time":"2022-03-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1648080000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The essential oils (EOs) of Origanum compactum and Satureja montana chemotyped (CT) at carvacrol, two Thymus vulgaris CT at thujanol and thymol, and Hydrolates (Hys) of S. montana and Citrus aurantium var. amara were chosen for studying their bactericidal efficacy against few phytobacterial pathogens. The Minimal Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) were found by microdilution assay. The essential oils of O. compactum (MBC 0.06% v\/v), T. vulgaris CT thymol (MBC 0.06% v\/v), and Hy of C. aurantium (MBC 6.25% v\/v) resulted in being the most effective against Erwinia amylovora; thus, they were used as starting concentrations for ex vivo assays. Despite the great in vitro effectiveness, the disease incidence and the population dynamic ex vivo assays showed no significant results. On the other hand, EO of O. compactum and Hy of C. aurantium (at 0.03% and 4.5% v\/v, respectively) showed resistance induction in tomato plants against Xanthomonas vesicatoria infections; both treatments resulted in approximately 50% protection. In conclusion, EOs and Hys could be promising tools for agricultural defense, but further studies will be necessary to stabilize the EOs emulsions, while Hys application could be an effective method to prevent bacterial diseases when used as resistance inducer by pre-transplantation treatment at roots.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms10040702","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,24]],"date-time":"2022-03-24T23:31:43Z","timestamp":1648164703000},"page":"702","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["Essential Oils and Hydrolates: Potential Tools for Defense against Bacterial Plant Pathogens"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5516-4182","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Rita","family":"Proto","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Agro-Alimentari, Universit\u00e0 di Bologna, Viale G. Fanin 44, 40127 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9310-5236","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Enrico","family":"Biondi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Agro-Alimentari, Universit\u00e0 di Bologna, Viale G. Fanin 44, 40127 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Baldo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Agro-Alimentari, Universit\u00e0 di Bologna, Viale G. Fanin 44, 40127 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matilde","family":"Levoni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Agro-Alimentari, Universit\u00e0 di Bologna, Viale G. Fanin 44, 40127 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gianfranco","family":"Filippini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Agro-Alimentari, Universit\u00e0 di Bologna, Viale G. Fanin 44, 40127 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Monica","family":"Modesto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Agro-Alimentari, Universit\u00e0 di Bologna, Viale G. Fanin 44, 40127 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2991-0855","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maura","family":"Di Vito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Scienze Biotecnologiche di Base, Cliniche, Intensivologiche e Perioperatorie, Universit\u00e0 Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo A. Gemelli 8, 00168 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9038-3233","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesca","family":"Bugli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Scienze Biotecnologiche di Base, Cliniche, Intensivologiche e Perioperatorie, Universit\u00e0 Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo A. Gemelli 8, 00168 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Dipartimento di Scienze di Laboratorio e Infettivologiche, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Largo A. Gemelli 8, 00168 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claudio","family":"Ratti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Agro-Alimentari, Universit\u00e0 di Bologna, Viale G. Fanin 44, 40127 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3363-0781","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paola","family":"Minardi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Agro-Alimentari, Universit\u00e0 di Bologna, Viale G. Fanin 44, 40127 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9112-4786","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paola","family":"Mattarelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Agro-Alimentari, Universit\u00e0 di Bologna, Viale G. Fanin 44, 40127 Bologna, Italy"},{"name":"Bologna University Scardovi Collection of Bifidobacteria BUSCOB, Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Agro-Alimentari, Universit\u00e0 di Bologna, Viale G. Fanin 44, 40127 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2007.09.106","article-title":"Biological Effects of Essential Oils\u2014A Review","volume":"46","author":"Bakkali","year":"2008","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"576","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2015.07.014","article-title":"Hydrosols of Orange Blossom (Citrus aurantium), and Rose Flower (Rosa damascena and Rosa centifolia) Support the Growth of a Heterogeneous Spoilage Microbiota","volume":"76","author":"Labadie","year":"2015","journal-title":"Food Res. 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