{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]],"date-time":"2026-08-03T14:31:20Z","timestamp":1785767480986,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,25]],"date-time":"2022-03-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1648166400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study was designed to determine the prevalence and co-infection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and other pathogenic bacteria among presumptive cases of tuberculosis (TB) at selected hospitals in Mwanza, Tanzania. GeneXpert and conventional bacteriological culture and sensitivity were used for the detection of TB and other pathogenic bacteria, respectively. STATA version 13.0 was used for data analysis. The median (IQR) age of participants was 33 (19\u201351) years with males forming more than half (i.e., 59% (158\/264)) of the participants. Microscopically, 29.5% (78\/264) of the patients had polymorphonuclear leucocytes in the sputum samples. Approximately 7.2% (19\/264), 16.3% (43\/264), and 1.1% (3\/264) of participants had TB, other pathogenic bacteria, and co-infections, respectively. One sample had growth of two other bacteria, resulting in a total of 44 isolated bacteria with the predominance of Gram-negative bacteria at 75.0% (33\/44). The predominant species isolated was the Klebsiella pneumoniae complex at 52.3% (23\/44). Overall, 27.3% (9\/33) of GNB were resistant to third-generation cephalosporins, while Gram-positive bacteria were more resistant to erythromycin at 63.6% (7\/11). Good quality sputa had a significantly higher yield of pathogenic bacteria than poor quality sputa (37.2% vs. 7.5%, p &lt; 0.001). Presumptive TB cases were predominantly infected with other pathogenic bacteria than M. tuberculosis. Therefore, other pathogenic bacteria should be considered when attending presumptive TB cases to ensure favorable treatment outcomes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms10040703","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,24]],"date-time":"2022-03-24T23:31:43Z","timestamp":1648164703000},"page":"703","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Predominance of Other Pathogenic Bacteria among Presumptive Tuberculosis Cases Attending Tuberculosis Clinics in Mwanza, Tanzania: A Cross-Sectional Laboratory-Based Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Florencia S.","family":"Buchera","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Bugando School of Medicine, Catholic University of Health and Allied Sciences, Mwanza 1464, Tanzania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4178-3254","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vitus","family":"Silago","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Bugando School of Medicine, Catholic University of Health and Allied Sciences, Mwanza 1464, Tanzania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Geofrey","family":"Japhet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tuberculosis Section, Central Pathology Laboratory, Bugando Medical Centre, Mwanza 1370, Tanzania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Conjester I.","family":"Mtemisika","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Central Pathology Laboratory, Department of Molecular Biology, Bugando Medical Centre, Mwanza 1370, Tanzania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Prisca","family":"Damiano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Bugando School of Medicine, Catholic University of Health and Allied Sciences, Mwanza 1464, Tanzania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Helmut A.","family":"Nyawale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Bugando School of Medicine, Catholic University of Health and Allied Sciences, Mwanza 1464, Tanzania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3511-2523","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martha F.","family":"Mushi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Bugando School of Medicine, Catholic University of Health and Allied Sciences, Mwanza 1464, Tanzania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2313-3079","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mariam M.","family":"Mirambo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Bugando School of Medicine, Catholic University of Health and Allied Sciences, Mwanza 1464, Tanzania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2420-5329","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jeremiah","family":"Seni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Bugando School of Medicine, Catholic University of Health and Allied Sciences, Mwanza 1464, Tanzania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7526-6271","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stephen E.","family":"Mshana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Bugando School of Medicine, Catholic University of Health and Allied Sciences, Mwanza 1464, Tanzania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"WHO (2020). Global Tuberculosis Report, WHO."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.4103\/0970-2113.152645","article-title":"Tubercular and bacterial coinfection: A case series","volume":"32","author":"Arora","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lung India Off. Organ Indian Chest Soc."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.4314\/bajopas.v12i1.33S","article-title":"A survey of co-infection of some pathogenic bacteria with TB in patients attending Federal Medical Center Katsina, Nigeria","volume":"12","author":"Abdulkadir","year":"2019","journal-title":"Bayero J. Pure Appl. Sci."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12890-019-0828-4","article-title":"Tuberculosis and other bacterial co-infection in Cambodia: A single center retrospective cross-sectional study","volume":"19","author":"Attia","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC Pulm. Med."},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"1","article-title":"Co-infection with Streptococcus anginosus and Mycobacterium tuberculosis in an immunocompetent pediatric patient. A case report","volume":"20","author":"Bejarano","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Pulm. Med."},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"1","article-title":"High prevalence of tuberculosis among adults with fever admitted at a tertiary hospital in north-western Tanzania","volume":"14","author":"Meremo","year":"2012","journal-title":"Tanzan. J. Health Res."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"600","DOI":"10.1111\/dme.12348","article-title":"\u2018Cough-triggered\u2019 tuberculosis screening among adults with diabetes in Tanzania","volume":"31","author":"Mtwangambate","year":"2014","journal-title":"Diabet. Med."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.4081\/hls.2015.5011","article-title":"Incremental detection of pulmonary tuberculosis among presumptive patients by GeneXpert MTB\/RIF\u00ae over fluorescent microscopy in Mwanza, Tanzania: An operational study","volume":"3","author":"Seni","year":"2015","journal-title":"Healthc. Low-Resour. Settings"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.5588\/ijtld.15.0354","article-title":"Pulmonary TB bacteriologically confirmed by induced sputum among children at Bugando Medical Centre, Tanzania","volume":"20","author":"Sabi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Tuberc. Lung Dis."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-018-3036-6","article-title":"Investigation of household contacts of pulmonary tuberculosis patients increases case detection in Mwanza City, Tanzania","volume":"18","author":"Beyanga","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1186\/s41479-020-00069-0","article-title":"Prevalence of gram-negative bacteria causing community acquired pneumonia among adults in Mwanza City, Tanzania","volume":"12","author":"Kishimbo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pneumonia"},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"Cochran, W.G. (2007). Sampling Techniques, John Wiley & Sons."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1086\/313954","article-title":"Practice Guidelines for the Management of Community-Acquired Pneumonia in Adults","volume":"31","author":"Bartlett","year":"2000","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"Koneman, E.W., Allen, S.D., Janda, W., Schreckenberger, P., and Winn, W. (1997). Diagnostic Microbiology. The Nonfermentative Gram-Negative Bacilli Philedelphia, Lippincott-Raven Publishers."},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"CLSI (2020). Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing, CLSI. [30th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"CDC (2016). A New Tool to Diagnose Tuberculosis: The Xpert MTB\/RIF Assay, CDC."},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"MoHCDEC (2021). Standard Treatment Guidelines and Essential Medicines List, MoHCDEC."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2017.07.025","article-title":"Drug adherence and efficacy of smear microscopy in the diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis after 2 months of medication in North-western Tanzania","volume":"63","author":"Kidenya","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e4540","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000004540","article-title":"Clinical significance of smear positivity for acid-fast bacilli after \u22655 months of treatment in patients with drug-susceptible pulmonary tuberculosis","volume":"95","author":"Kang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2000). Update: Nucleic acid amplification tests for tuberculosis. MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep., 49, 593\u2013594."},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"Dion, C.F., and Ashurst, J.V. (2017). Streptococcus Pneumoniae. StatPearls, StatPearls Publishing."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1366","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.01366","article-title":"Streptococcus pneumoniae\u2019s virulence and host immunity: Aging, diagnostics, and prevention","volume":"9","author":"Brooks","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"\u017bychska, M., Witkowski, L., Klementowska, A., Rzewuska, M., Kwiecie\u0144, E., Stefa\u0144ska, I., Czopowicz, M., Szalu\u015b-Jordanow, O., Mickiewicz, M., and Moroz, A. (2021). Rhodococcus equi-Occurrence in Goats and Clinical Case Report. Pathogens, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens10091141"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-005-1316-8","article-title":"Value of intensive diagnostic microbiological investigation in low-and high-risk patients with community-acquired pneumonia","volume":"24","author":"Vlaspolder","year":"2005","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Harris, A.M., Bramley, A.M., Jain, S., Arnold, S.R., Ampofo, K., Self, W.H., Williams, D.J., Anderson, E.J., Grijalva, C.G., and McCullers, J.A. (2017). Influence of antibiotics on the detection of bacteria by culture-based and culture-independent diagnostic tests in patients hospitalized with community-acquired pneumonia. Open Forum Infectious Diseases, Oxford University Press.","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofx014"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2058","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.159.17.2058","article-title":"Risk factors for pneumonia and other lower respiratory tract infections in elderly residents of long-term care facilities","volume":"159","author":"Loeb","year":"1999","journal-title":"Arch. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e4000","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000004000","article-title":"Retrospective cohort evaluation on risk of pneumonia in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis","volume":"95","author":"Chang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"Baum, S.G. (2011). Laboratory evaluation of infectious disease emergencies. Clinical Methods: The History, Physical, and Laboratory Examinations, Butterworths."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.3346\/jkms.2015.30.6.733","article-title":"Acceptability of sputum specimens for diagnosing pulmonary tuberculosis","volume":"30","author":"Lee","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Korean Med. Sci."}],"container-title":["Microorganisms"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2607\/10\/4\/703\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T22:42:54Z","timestamp":1760136174000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2607\/10\/4\/703"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,25]]},"references-count":29,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4]]}},"alternative-id":["microorganisms10040703"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/microorganisms10040703","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-2607"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-2607","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,25]]}}}