{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:56:22Z","timestamp":1787028982354,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,29]],"date-time":"2022-03-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1648512000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004587","name":"Instituto de Salud Carlos III","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CB21\/13\/00009, CB21\/13\/00079, CB21\/13\/00054, CB21\/13\/00086, CB21\/13\/00012"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CB21\/13\/00009, CB21\/13\/00079, CB21\/13\/00054, CB21\/13\/00086, CB21\/13\/00012"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004587","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>To assess the effect of combination antibiotic empirical therapy on 30-day case-fatality rate in neutropenic cancer patients with Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA) bacteremic pneumonia. This was a multinational, retrospective cohort study of neutropenic onco-hematological patients with PA bloodstream infection (BSI) (2006\u20132018). The effect of appropriate empirical combination therapy, appropriate monotherapy and inappropriate empirical antibiotic therapy [IEAT] on 30-day case-fatality was assessed only in patients with PA bacteremic pneumonia. Among 1017 PA BSI episodes, pneumonia was the source of BSI in 294 (28.9%). Among those, 52 (17.7%) were caused by a multidrug-resistant (MDR) strain and 68 (23.1%) received IEAT, mainly when the infection was caused by an MDR strain [38\/52 (73.1%) vs. 30\/242 (12.4%); p &lt; 0.001]. The 30-day case-fatality rate was higher in patients with PA bacteremic pneumonia than in those with PA BSI from other sources (55.1% vs. 31.4%; p &lt; 0.001). IEAT was associated with increased 30-day case-fatality (aHR 1.44 [95%CI 1.01\u20132.03]; p = 0.042), whereas the use of appropriate combination empirical treatment was independently associated with improved survival (aHR 0.46 [95%CI 0.27\u20130.78]; p = 0.004). Appropriate empirical monotherapy was not associated with improved overall survival (aHR 1.25 [95%CI 0.76\u20132.05]; p = 0.39). Combination antibiotic empirical therapy should be administered promptly in febrile neutropenic patients with suspected pneumonia as the source of infection.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms10040733","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,29]],"date-time":"2022-03-29T21:41:30Z","timestamp":1648590090000},"page":"733","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Effect of Combination Antibiotic Empirical Therapy on Mortality in Neutropenic Cancer Patients with Pseudomonas aeruginosa Pneumonia"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Adaia","family":"Albasanz-Puig","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases Department, Bellvitge University Hospital, IDIBELL, University of Barcelona, 08907 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica en Red de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xavier","family":"Dur\u00e0-Miralles","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases Department, Bellvitge University Hospital, IDIBELL, University of Barcelona, 08907 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J\u00falia","family":"Laporte-Amarg\u00f3s","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases Department, Bellvitge University Hospital, IDIBELL, University of Barcelona, 08907 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4088-036X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alberto","family":"Mussetti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hematology Department, Catalan Institute of Oncology (ICO)-Duran i Reynals Hospital, IDIBELL, 08907 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Isabel","family":"Ruiz-Camps","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica en Red de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Infectious Diseases Department, Vall d\u2019Hebron University Hospital, 08035 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pedro","family":"Puerta-Alcalde","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital Cl\u00ednic i Provincial, 08035 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edson","family":"Abdala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto do C\u00e2ncer do Estado de S\u00e3o Paulo, Faculty of Medicine, University of S\u00e3o Paulo, Sao Paulo 01246, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chiara","family":"Oltolini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6904-9473","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Murat","family":"Akova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Hacettepe University School of Medicine, 06230 Ankara, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9 Miguel","family":"Montejo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases Department, Cruces University Hospital, 48903 Bilbao, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5535-4602","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Malgorzata","family":"Mikulska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Health Sciences, University of Genoa (DISSAL) and Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, 16132 Genoa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pilar","family":"Mart\u00edn-D\u00e1vila","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica en Red de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Infectious Diseases Department, Ramon y Cajal Hospital, 28034 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fabi\u00e1n","family":"Herrera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases Section, Department of Medicine, Centro de Educaci\u00f3n M\u00e9dica e Investigaciones Cl\u00ednicas (CEMIC), Buenos Aires C1430EFA, Argentina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Oriol","family":"Gasch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases Department, Parc Taul\u00ed University Hospital, Sabadell, 08208 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lubos","family":"Drgona","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oncohematology Department, Comenius University and National Cancer Institute, 81499 Bratislava, Slovakia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hugo Manuel Paz","family":"Morales","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital Erasto Gaertner, Curitiba 81520-060, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9437-1977","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anne-Sophie","family":"Brunel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases Department, Department of Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV), 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Estefan\u00eda","family":"Garc\u00eda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Haematology Department, Reina Sof\u00eda University Hospital-IMIBIC-UCO, 14004 C\u00f3rdoba, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Burcu","family":"Isler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Istanbul Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul 34668, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Winfried V.","family":"Kern","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine II, University of Freiburg Medical Center and Faculty of Medicine, 79110 Freiburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pilar","family":"Retamar-Gentil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica en Red de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Unit of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University Hospital Virgen Macarena, Department of Medicine, Universidad de Sevilla, Institute of Biomedicine of Seville, Virgen del Roc\u00edo and Virgen Macarena University Hospitals\/CSIC\/University of Seville, 41013 Seville, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9520-8255","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 Mar\u00eda","family":"Aguado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica en Red de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Infectious Diseases Unit, Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Hospital \u201c12 de Octubre\u201d (i + 12), \u201c12 de Octubre\u201d University Hospital, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense, 28041 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Milagros","family":"Montero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases Service, Hospital del Mar, Infectious Pathology and Antimicrobials Research Group (IPAR), Institut Hospital del Mar d\u2019Investigations M\u00e8diques (IMIM), Universitat Aut\u00f2noma de Barcelona (UAB), CEXS-Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 08003 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Souha S.","family":"Kanj","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases Division, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut 110236, Lebanon"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Oguz R.","family":"Sipahi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Ege University, Izmir 35040, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sebnem","family":"Calik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, University of Health Science Izmir Bozyaka Training and Research Hospital, Izmir 35170, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9555-5767","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ignacio","family":"M\u00e1rquez-G\u00f3mez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital Regional de M\u00e1laga, 29010 M\u00e1laga, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jorge I.","family":"Marin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology Department, Cl\u00ednica Maraya, Pereira, Colombia, Critical Care and Clinical Microbiology Department, Manizales 170001-17, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6492-1034","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marisa Z. R.","family":"Gomes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hospital Federal dos Servidores do Estado, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundac\u0327\u00e3o Oswaldo Cruz, Minist\u00e9rio da Sa\u00fade, Rio de Janeiro 20221-161, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Philipp","family":"Hemmati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hematology, Oncology and Palliative Care, Klinikum Ernst von Bergmann, Academic Teaching Hospital of Charit\u00e9 University Medical School, 10117 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rafael","family":"Araos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Medicina Cl\u00ednica, Instituto de Ciencias e Innovaci\u00f3n en Medicina, Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago de Chile, and Millennium Initiative for Collaborative Research on Bacterial Resistance (MICROB-R), Santiago de Chile 12461, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4640-679X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maddalena","family":"Peghin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases Clinic, Department of Medicine, University of Udine and Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Integrata, 33100 Udine, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5402-3334","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 Luis","family":"del Pozo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases and Microbiology Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Navarra University Clinic, 31008 Pamplona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lucrecia","family":"Y\u00e1\u00f1ez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Haematology Department, Marqu\u00e9s de Valdecilla University Hospital, 39008 Santander, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"Tilley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microbiology Department, University Hospitals Plymouth NHS Trust, Plymouth 8DH, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adriana","family":"Manzur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases, Hospital Rawson, San Juan J5400, Argentina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andres","family":"Novo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Haematology Department, Son Espases University Hospital, 07120 Palma de Mallorca, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nat\u00e0lia","family":"Pallar\u00e8s","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Statistics Advisory Service, Institute of Biomedical Research of Bellvitge, Rovira i Virgili University, 08908 Tarragona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5434-7670","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alba","family":"Bergas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases Department, Bellvitge University Hospital, IDIBELL, University of Barcelona, 08907 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jordi","family":"Carratal\u00e0","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases Department, Bellvitge University Hospital, IDIBELL, University of Barcelona, 08907 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica en Red de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3095-4422","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlota","family":"Gudiol","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases Department, Bellvitge University Hospital, IDIBELL, University of Barcelona, 08907 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica en Red de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Infectious Diseases Unit, Catalan Institute of Oncology (ICO), Duran i Reynals Hospital, IDIBELL, 08908 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"on behalf of the IRONIC Study Group","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1299","DOI":"10.1007\/s00277-012-1424-3","article-title":"P. aeruginosa bloodstream infections among hematological patients: An old or new question?","volume":"91","author":"Cattaneo","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ann. Hematol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2017.05.003","article-title":"Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteraemia in patients with hematologic malignancies: Risk factors, treatment and outcome","volume":"88","author":"Tofas","year":"2017","journal-title":"Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"1068","article-title":"Inappropriate Empirical Antibiotic Treatment in High-risk Neutropenic Patients with Bacteremia in the Era of Multidrug Resistance","volume":"70","author":"Gudiol","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-14-161","article-title":"Risk factors for mortality in patients with Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteremia; retrospective study of impact of combination antimicrobial therapy","volume":"14","author":"Kim","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMC Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106450","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2021.106450","article-title":"Clinical and bacterial characteristics of Pseudomonas aeruginosa affecting the outcome of patients with bacteraemic pneumonia","volume":"58","author":"Recio","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.3324\/haematol.2010.036640","article-title":"Multidrug resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa bloodstream infection in adult patients with hematologic malignancies","volume":"96","author":"Trecarichi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Haematologica"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Park, S.Y., Park, H.J., Moon, S.M., Park, K.H., Chong, Y.P., Kim, M.N., Kim, S.H., Lee, S.O., Kim, Y.S., and Woo, J.H. (2012). Impact of adequate empirical combination therapy on mortality from bacteremic Pseudomonas aeruginosa pneumonia. BMC Infect. Dis., 12.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-12-308"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cit223","article-title":"Effect of adequate single-drug vs combination antimicrobial therapy on mortality in pseudomonas aeruginosa bloodstream infections: A post hoc analysis of a prospective cohort","volume":"57","author":"Suarez","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1270","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.02235-12","article-title":"Outcomes of appropriate empiric combination versus monotherapy for pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteremia","volume":"57","author":"Bowers","year":"2013","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cit220","article-title":"Combination therapy for pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteremia: Where do we stand?","volume":"57","author":"Paul","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"CD003038","article-title":"Beta-lactam versus beta-lactam-aminoglycoside combination therapy in cancer patients with neutropenia","volume":"2013","author":"Paul","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105847","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2019.11.004","article-title":"Risk factors for mortality among patients with Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteraemia: A retrospective multicentre study","volume":"55","author":"Babich","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01759-19","article-title":"Predictors of Mortality in Bloodstream Infections Caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Impact of Antimicrobial Resistance and Bacterial Virulence","volume":"64","author":"Recio","year":"2020","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1007\/s15010-011-0124-6","article-title":"Impact of inappropriate empiric antimicrobial therapy on outcome in Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteraemia: A stratified analysis according to sites of infection","volume":"39","author":"Joo","year":"2011","journal-title":"Infection"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1097\/MCP.0b013e328351f8e8","article-title":"Bacterial lung sepsis in patients with febrile neutropenia","volume":"18","author":"Lanoix","year":"2012","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Pulm. Med."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1080\/1042819021000040297","article-title":"Pneumonia in acute leukemia patients during induction therapy: Experience in a single institution","volume":"44","author":"Specchia","year":"2003","journal-title":"Leuk. Lymphoma"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-0012.2011.01495.x","article-title":"Pneumonia in allogeneic stem cell transplantation recipients: A multicenter prospective study","volume":"25","author":"Espigado","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin. Transplant."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bmt.1705653","article-title":"Invasive Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections: High rate of recurrence and mortality after hematopoietic cell transplantation","volume":"39","author":"Hakki","year":"2007","journal-title":"Bone Marrow Transplant."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rabello, L.S.C.F., Silva, J.R.L., Azevedo, L.C.P., Souza, I., Torres, V.B.L., Rosolem, M.M., Lisboa, T., Soares, M., and Salluh, J.I.F. (2015). Clinical outcomes and microbiological characteristics of severe pneumonia in cancer patients: A prospective cohort study. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0120544"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01250-19","article-title":"Shock and early death in hematologic patients with febrile neutropenia","volume":"63","author":"Guarana","year":"2019","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1411","DOI":"10.1111\/resp.12848","article-title":"Clinical features, aetiology and outcome of bacteraemic pneumonia in neutropenic cancer patients","volume":"21","author":"Gudiol","year":"2016","journal-title":"Respirology"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"868","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.158.8.868","article-title":"Bacteremic Pneumonia in Neutropenic Patients with Cancer","volume":"158","author":"Alcaide","year":"1998","journal-title":"Arch. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"965","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-004-2237-1","article-title":"Predictive factors of intensive care unit admission in patients with haematological malignancies and pneumonia","volume":"30","author":"Gruson","year":"2004","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2012.07.012","article-title":"Risk factors, clinical features, and outcome of Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteremia in patients with hematologic malignancies: A case-control study","volume":"41","author":"Vuotto","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Infect. Control"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciw504","article-title":"Executive Summary: Management of Adults with Hospital-acquired and Ventilator-associated Pneumonia: 2016 Clinical Practice Guidelines by the Infectious Diseases Society of America and the American Thoracic Society","volume":"63","author":"Kalil","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1826","DOI":"10.3324\/haematol.2013.091025","article-title":"European guidelines for emperical antibacterial therapy for febrile neutropenic patients in the era of growing resistance","volume":"98","author":"Averbuch","year":"2013","journal-title":"Haematologica"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.02494-19","article-title":"Clinical Predictive Model of Multidrug Resistance in Neutropenic Cancer Patients with Bloodstream Infection Due to Pseudomonas aeruginosa","volume":"64","author":"Gudiol","year":"2020","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"806","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.39335.541782.AD","article-title":"Strengthening the reporting of observational studies in epidemiology (STROBE) statement: Guidelines for reporting observational studies","volume":"335","author":"Altman","year":"2007","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e56","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cir073","article-title":"Clinical practice guideline for the use of antimicrobial agents in neutropenic patients with cancer: 2010 Update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America","volume":"52","author":"Freifeld","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"The European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (2022, February 23). Breakpoint tables for Interpretation of MICs and Zone Diameters. Version 12.0. Available online: http:\/\/www.eucast.org."},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"308","article-title":"Laboratory Methods for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing","volume":"Volume 44","author":"Wootton","year":"1999","journal-title":"Antimicrobial\/Anti-Infective Materials"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2011.03570.x","article-title":"Multidrug-resistant, extensively drug-resistant and pandrug-resistant bacteria: An international expert proposal for interim standard definitions for acquired resistance","volume":"18","author":"Magiorakos","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1016\/0196-6553(88)90053-3","article-title":"CDC definitions for nosocomial infections, 1988","volume":"16","author":"Garner","year":"1988","journal-title":"Am. J. Infect. Control"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1181","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-021-06506-y","article-title":"Surviving sepsis campaign: International guidelines for management of sepsis and septic shock 2021","volume":"47","author":"Evans","year":"2021","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Therneau, T.M., and Grambsch, P.M. (2000). Modeling Survival Data: Extending the Cox Model, Springer. [1st ed.]. Statistics for Biology and Health.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4757-3294-8"},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"668","article-title":"Global prevalence of carbapenem resistance in neutropenic patients and association with mortality and carbapenem use: Systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"72","author":"Righi","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.1080\/23744235.2016.1277035","article-title":"Impact of combination therapy and early de-escalation on outcome of ventilator-associated pneumonia caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa","volume":"49","author":"Deconinck","year":"2017","journal-title":"Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e73","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2009.11.019","article-title":"Influence of carbapenem resistance on mortality and the dynamics of mortality in Pseudomonas aeruginosa bloodstream infection","volume":"14","author":"Tubau","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00045-21","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00045-21","article-title":"Impact of the Inclusion of an Aminoglycoside to the Initial Empirical Antibiotic Therapy for Gram-Negative Bloodstream Infections in Hematological Neutropenic Patients: A Propensity-Matched Cohort Study (AMINOLACTAM Study)","volume":"65","author":"Gudiol","year":"2021","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2012.12.006","article-title":"\u03b2-Lactam plus aminoglycoside or fluoroquinolone combination versus \u03b2-lactam monotherapy for Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections: A meta-analysis","volume":"41","author":"Vardakas","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1080\/23744235.2017.1411605","article-title":"Combination antibiotic therapy for Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteremia in febrile neutropenic patients? The question still remains","volume":"50","author":"McCarthy","year":"2018","journal-title":"Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9343(86)90490-0","article-title":"Aminoglycosides plus beta-lactams against gram-negative organisms: Evaluation of in vitro synergy and chemical interactions","volume":"80","author":"Giamarellou","year":"1986","journal-title":"Am. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_43","first-page":"AAC-01744","article-title":"Impact of empirical antibiotic regimens on mortality in neutropenic patients with bloodstream infection presenting with septic shock","volume":"66","author":"Chumbita","year":"2021","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Criscuolo, M., and Trecarichi, E.M. (2020). Ceftazidime\/avibactam and ceftolozane\/tazobactam for multidrug-resistant gram negatives in patients with hematological malignancies: Current experiences. Antibiotics, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics9020058"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e02340-18","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.02340-18","article-title":"A case-control study of real-life experience with ceftolozane-tazobactam in patients with hematologic malignancy and pseudomonas aeruginosa infection","volume":"63","author":"Alba","year":"2019","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."}],"container-title":["Microorganisms"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2607\/10\/4\/733\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T22:45:57Z","timestamp":1760136357000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2607\/10\/4\/733"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,29]]},"references-count":45,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4]]}},"alternative-id":["microorganisms10040733"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/microorganisms10040733","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-2607"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-2607","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,29]]}}}