{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T07:28:51Z","timestamp":1790753331559,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":128,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,13]],"date-time":"2022-04-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1649808000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004587","name":"Instituto de Salud Carlos III","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PI17\/00115"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PI17\/00115"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004587","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004587","name":"Instituto de Salud Carlos III","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PI19\/01043"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PI19\/01043"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004587","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004587","name":"Instituto de Salud Carlos III","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["JR18\/00034"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JR18\/00034"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004587","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004587","name":"Instituto de Salud Carlos III","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CM19\/00069"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CM19\/00069"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004587","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004587","name":"Instituto de Salud Carlos III","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RD16\/0016\/0011"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RD16\/0016\/0011"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004587","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004587","name":"Instituto de Salud Carlos III","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CB21\/13\/00084"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CB21\/13\/00084"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004587","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Microbes play an important role in the pathogenesis of chronic lung diseases, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, cystic fibrosis, non-cystic fibrosis bronchiectasis, and asthma. While the role of bacterial pathogens has been extensively studied, the contribution of fungal species to the pathogenesis of chronic lung diseases is much less understood. The recent introduction of next-generation sequencing techniques has revealed the existence of complex microbial lung communities in healthy individuals and patients with chronic respiratory disorders, with fungi being an important part of these communities\u2019 structure (mycobiome). There is growing evidence that the components of the lung mycobiome influence the clinical course of chronic respiratory diseases, not only by direct pathogenesis but also by interacting with bacterial species and with the host\u2019s physiology. In this article, we review the current knowledge on the role of fungi in chronic respiratory diseases, which was obtained by conventional culture and next-generation sequencing, highlighting the limitations of both techniques and exploring future research areas.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms10040810","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,13]],"date-time":"2022-04-13T23:07:16Z","timestamp":1649891236000},"page":"810","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["The Human Mycobiome in Chronic Respiratory Diseases: Current Situation and Future Perspectives"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Juan","family":"de Dios Caballero","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Ram\u00f3n y Cajal University Hospital, Ram\u00f3n y Cajal Health Research Institute, 28034 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"CIBER of Infectious Diseases (CIBERINFEC), Institute of Health Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1675-3173","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rafael","family":"Cant\u00f3n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Ram\u00f3n y Cajal University Hospital, Ram\u00f3n y Cajal Health Research Institute, 28034 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"CIBER of Infectious Diseases (CIBERINFEC), Institute of Health Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3239-9373","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manuel","family":"Ponce-Alonso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Ram\u00f3n y Cajal University Hospital, Ram\u00f3n y Cajal Health Research Institute, 28034 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"CIBER of Infectious Diseases (CIBERINFEC), Institute of Health Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0463-5946","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marta Mar\u00eda","family":"Garc\u00eda-Clemente","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pneumology, Central Asturias University Hospital, 33011 Oviedo, Spain"},{"name":"Principality Asturias Health Research Institute (ISPA), 33011 Oviedo, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elia","family":"G\u00f3mez G. de la Pedrosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Ram\u00f3n y Cajal University Hospital, Ram\u00f3n y Cajal Health Research Institute, 28034 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"CIBER of Infectious Diseases (CIBERINFEC), Institute of Health Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9 Luis","family":"L\u00f3pez-Campos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical-Surgical Unit for Respiratory Diseases (CIBERES), Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBiS), Virgen del Roc\u00edo University Hospital, University of Seville, 41013 Sevilla, Spain"},{"name":"CIBER of Respiratory Diseases (CIBERES), Institute of Health Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luis","family":"M\u00e1iz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIBER of Respiratory Diseases (CIBERES), Institute of Health Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Pneumology, Ram\u00f3n y Cajal University Hospital, 28034 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1147-7923","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rosa","family":"del Campo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Ram\u00f3n y Cajal University Hospital, Ram\u00f3n y Cajal Health Research Institute, 28034 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"CIBER of Infectious Diseases (CIBERINFEC), Institute of Health Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7321-1891","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Miguel \u00c1ngel","family":"Mart\u00ednez-Garc\u00eda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIBER of Respiratory Diseases (CIBERES), Institute of Health Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Pneumology, La Fe University and Polytechnic Hospital, 46026 Valencia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Paudel, K.R., Jha, S.K., Allam, V.S.R.R., Prasher, P., Gupta, P.K., Bhattacharjee, R., Jha, N.K., Vishwas, S., Singh, S.K., and Shrestha, J. 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