{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]],"date-time":"2026-07-02T03:28:44Z","timestamp":1782962924714,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":113,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,15]],"date-time":"2022-04-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1649980800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The extensive use of antibiotics has contributed to the current antibiotic resistance crisis. Livestock infections of Salmonella spp, Clostridium spp. and E. coli antimicrobial-resistant bacteria represent a public threat to human and animal health. To reduce the incidence of these zoonoses, essential oils (EOs) could be effective antibiotic alternatives. This study aims at identifying EOs safe for use, effective both in complementary therapy and in the environmental sanitization of intensive farming. Natural products were chemo-characterized by gas chromatography. Three S. Typhimurium, three C. perfringens and four E. coli strains isolated from poultry and swine farms were used to assess the antimicrobial properties of nine EOs and a modified GR-OLI (mGR-OLI). The toxicity of the most effective ones (Cinnamomum zeylanicum, Cz; Origanum vulgare, Ov) was also evaluated on porcine spermatozoa and Galleria mellonella larvae. Cz, Ov and mGR-OLI showed the strongest antimicrobial activity; their volatile components were also able to significantly inhibit the growth of tested strains. In vitro, Ov toxicity was slightly lower than Cz, while it showed no toxicity on G. mellonella larvae. In conclusion, the study confirms the importance of evaluating natural products to consolidate the idea of safe EO applications in reducing and preventing intensive livestock infections.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms10040822","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,19]],"date-time":"2022-04-19T01:03:01Z","timestamp":1650330181000},"page":"822","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Potential Applications of Essential Oils for Environmental Sanitization and Antimicrobial Treatment of Intensive Livestock Infections"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6901-0168","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Melinda","family":"Mariotti","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Scienze Biotecnologiche di Base, Cliniche Intensivologiche e Perioperatorie, Universit\u00e0 Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo A. Gemelli 8, 00168 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8212-3917","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giulia","family":"Lombardini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Scienze Biotecnologiche di Base, Cliniche Intensivologiche e Perioperatorie, Universit\u00e0 Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo A. Gemelli 8, 00168 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Silvia","family":"Rizzo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Scienze Biotecnologiche di Base, Cliniche Intensivologiche e Perioperatorie, Universit\u00e0 Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo A. Gemelli 8, 00168 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Donatella","family":"Scarafile","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Agro-Alimentari, Universit\u00e0 di Bologna, Viale G. Fanin 42, 40127 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Monica","family":"Modesto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Agro-Alimentari, Universit\u00e0 di Bologna, Viale G. Fanin 42, 40127 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2087-1204","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eleonora","family":"Truzzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Universit\u00e0 di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Via G. Campi 103, 41125 Modena, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4793-8795","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefania","family":"Benvenuti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Universit\u00e0 di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Via G. 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Fanin 42, 40127 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"FAO Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) (2003). World Agriculture: Towards 2015\/2030. An FAO Perspective, Earthscan."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4511","DOI":"10.2147\/IDR.S324055","article-title":"Intensive Poultry Farming Practices Influence Antibiotic Resistance Profiles in Pseudomonas Aeruginosa Inhabiting Nearby Soils","volume":"14","author":"Kousar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Infect. Drug Resist."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fontana, C., Patrone, V., Lopez, C.M., Morelli, L., and Rebecchi, A. (2021). Incidence of Tetracycline and Erythromycin Resistance in Meat-Associated Bacteria: Impact of Different Livestock Management Strategies. 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