{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,16]],"date-time":"2026-05-16T02:53:57Z","timestamp":1778900037373,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,30]],"date-time":"2022-04-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1651276800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Laboratory of Molecular Epidemiology and Systematics"},{"name":"Oswaldo Cruz Institute (IOC)"},{"name":"Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (Fiocruz)"},{"name":"Ministry of Health of Brazil"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Human infections with gut protozoan parasites are neglected and not targeted by specific control initiatives, leading to a knowledge gap concerning their regional diversity and epidemiology. The present study aims to explore Giardia\u00a0duodenalis genetic diversity and assess the epidemiologic scenario of subclinical infections in different Brazilian biogeographic regions. Cross-sectional surveys (n = 1334 subjects) were conducted in four municipalities in order to obtain fecal samples and socioenvironmental data. Microscopy of non-diarrheal feces and nucleotide sequencing of a \u03b2-giardin gene fragment were performed. From a total of 51 samples that could be sequenced, 27 (52.9%) \u03b2-giardin sequences were characterized as assemblage A and 24 (47.1%) as assemblage B. In the Amazon, assemblage B was the most frequently detected, predominantly BIII, and with two novel sub-assemblages. Assemblage A predominated in the extra-Amazon region, with five novel sub-assemblages. Prevalence reached 17.8% (64\/360) in the Amazon, 8.8% (48\/544) in the Atlantic Forest, 7.4% (22\/299) in Cerrado and 2.3% (3\/131) in the Semiarid. People living in poverty and extreme poverty presented significantly higher positivity rates. In conclusion, subclinical giardiasis is endemic in Brazilian communities in different biogeographic regions, presenting high genetic diversity and a heterogeneous genotypic distribution.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms10050940","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,1]],"date-time":"2022-05-01T06:23:08Z","timestamp":1651386188000},"page":"940","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Genotypic and Epidemiologic Profiles of Giardia\u00a0duodenalis in Four Brazilian Biogeographic Regions"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9311-2401","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Deiviane A.","family":"Calegar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Epidemiologia e Sistem\u00e1tica Molecular, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro 21045-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Beatriz C.","family":"Nunes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculdade de Medicina de Petr\u00f3polis (FMP), Centro Universit\u00e1rio Arthur S\u00e1 Earp Neto (UNIFASE), Cascatinha, Petr\u00f3polis 25600-000, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kerla J. L.","family":"Monteiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Escrit\u00f3rio T\u00e9cnico Regional Fiocruz Piau\u00ed, Teresina 64000-000, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Polyanna A. A.","family":"Bacelar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Epidemiologia e Sistem\u00e1tica Molecular, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro 21045-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Brenda B. C.","family":"Evangelista","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Epidemiologia e Sistem\u00e1tica Molecular, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro 21045-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1819-0178","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mayron M.","family":"Almeida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Epidemiologia e Sistem\u00e1tica Molecular, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro 21045-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jurecir","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Federal de Educa\u00e7\u00e3o, Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia do Piau\u00ed, Teresina 64000-000, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"J\u00e9ssica P.","family":"Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Epidemiologia e Sistem\u00e1tica Molecular, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro 21045-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"M\u00e1rcio N.","family":"Boia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Biologia e Parasitologia de Mam\u00edferos Silvestres Reservat\u00f3rios, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro 20000-000, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8031-7742","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lauren H.","family":"Jaeger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculdade de Farm\u00e1cia, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Rua Jos\u00e9 Louren\u00e7o Kelmer, s\/n\u2013Campus Universit\u00e1rio, Juiz de Fora 36000-000, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8083-2840","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Filipe A.","family":"Carvalho-Costa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Epidemiologia e Sistem\u00e1tica Molecular, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro 21045-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cernikova, L., Faso, C., and Hehl, A.B. 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