{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T22:14:09Z","timestamp":1788992049556,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":331,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,30]],"date-time":"2022-04-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1651276800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>There is now considerable evidence that in Europe, babesiosis is an emerging infectious disease, with some of the causative species spreading as a consequence of the increasing range of their tick vector hosts. In this review, we summarize both the historic records and recent findings on the occurrence and incidence of babesiosis in 20 European countries located in southeastern Europe (Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, and Serbia), central Europe (Austria, the Czech Republic, Germany, Hungary, Luxembourg, Poland, Slovakia, Slovenia, and Switzerland), and northern and northeastern Europe (Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia, Iceland, Denmark, Finland, Sweden, and Norway), identified in humans and selected species of domesticated animals (cats, dogs, horses, and cattle). Recorded cases of human babesiosis are still rare, but their number is expected to rise in the coming years. This is because of the widespread and longer seasonal activity of Ixodes ricinus as a result of climate change and because of the more extensive use of better molecular diagnostic methods. Bovine babesiosis has a re-emerging potential because of the likely loss of herd immunity, while canine babesiosis is rapidly expanding in central and northeastern Europe, its occurrence correlating with the rapid, successful expansion of the ornate dog tick (Dermacentor reticulatus) populations in Europe. Taken together, our analysis of the available reports shows clear evidence of an increasing annual incidence of babesiosis across Europe in both humans and animals that is changing in line with similar increases in the incidence of other tick-borne diseases. This situation is of major concern, and we recommend more extensive and frequent, standardized monitoring using a \u201cOne Health\u201d approach.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms10050945","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,1]],"date-time":"2022-05-01T06:23:08Z","timestamp":1651386188000},"page":"945","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":80,"title":["Babesiosis in Southeastern, Central and Northeastern Europe: An Emerging and Re-Emerging Tick-Borne Disease of Humans and Animals"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6199-8458","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"Bajer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Eco-Epidemiology of Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Biology, Institute of Developmental Biology and Biomedical Sciences, University of Warsaw, Miecznikowa 1, 02-096 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ana","family":"Beck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ribnjak 8, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5304-2875","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Relja","family":"Beck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department for Bacteriology and Parasitology, Croatian Veterinary Institute, Savska Cesta 143, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9396-2572","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jerzy M.","family":"Behnke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2264-8345","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dorota","family":"Dwu\u017cnik-Szarek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Eco-Epidemiology of Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Biology, Institute of Developmental Biology and Biomedical Sciences, University of Warsaw, Miecznikowa 1, 02-096 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9337-9616","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ramon M.","family":"Eichenberger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vetsuisse Faculty, Institute of Parasitology, University of Zurich, 8057 Z\u00fcrich, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R\u00f3bert","family":"Farkas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Parasitology and Zoology, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1078 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4178-0133","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hans-Peter","family":"Fuehrer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathobiology, Institute of Parasitology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterin\u00e4rplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4536-5508","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mike","family":"Heddergott","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Zoology, Mus\u00e9e National d\u2019Historire Naturelle, 25, Rue M\u00fcnster, 2160 Luxembourg, Luxembourg"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3035-5094","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pikka","family":"Jokelainen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Disease Prepardness, Statens Serum Institut, Artillerivej 5, DK-2300 Copenhagen, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Leschnik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Unit of Internal Medicine Small Animals, Department\/Universit\u00e4tsklinik f\u00fcr Kleintiere und Pferde, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterin\u00e4rplatz 1, 1210 Wien, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Valentina","family":"Oborina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Small Animal Clinic of Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 62, 51014 Tartu, Estonia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Algimantas","family":"Paulauskas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Natural Sciences, Vytautas Magnus University, K. Donelai\u010dio str. 58, LT-44248 Kaunas, Lithuania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jana","family":"Radzijevskaja","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Natural Sciences, Vytautas Magnus University, K. Donelai\u010dio str. 58, LT-44248 Kaunas, Lithuania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Renate","family":"Ranka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Latvian Biomedical Research and Study Centre, LV-1067 Riga, Latvia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6523-7952","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manuela","family":"Schnyder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vetsuisse Faculty, Institute of Parasitology, University of Zurich, 8057 Z\u00fcrich, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0051-9086","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrea","family":"Springer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Infection Medicine, Institute for Parasitology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30559 Hannover, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9093-1006","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christina","family":"Strube","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Infection Medicine, Institute for Parasitology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30559 Hannover, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8578-3870","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katarzyna","family":"Tolkacz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Eco-Epidemiology of Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Biology, Institute of Developmental Biology and Biomedical Sciences, University of Warsaw, Miecznikowa 1, 02-096 Warsaw, Poland"},{"name":"Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, 5A Pawi\u0144skiego Str, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0356-2853","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julia","family":"Walochnik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Specific Prophylaxis and Tropical Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2006.01.035","article-title":"Babesia\u2014A historical overview","volume":"138","author":"Uilenberg","year":"2006","journal-title":"Vet. 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