{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T19:02:50Z","timestamp":1789585370292,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,2]],"date-time":"2022-05-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1651449600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO) contributes to the formation of an inflammatory environment in various intestinal and extraintestinal diseases. Cytokines that participate in these mechanisms are yet to be examined. Upper gastrointestinal endoscopy with duodenal aspiration was performed in 224 patients. Quantitative cultures of aerobic species were performed, concentrations of interleukin 1\u03b2 (IL-1\u03b2), interleukin 6 (IL-6), and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-\u03b1) were measured, and loads of Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Methanobevibacter smithii, and Aeromonas spp. were detected via real-time PCR in the duodenal fluid. Analysis showed that the odds ratio (OR) for elevated IL-1\u03b2 levels was 2.61 (1.06\u20136.43, p = 0.037) among patients with SIBO compared to patients without SIBO, while there was no significant difference at elevated IL-6 and TNF-\u03b1 levels between patients with and without SIBO, using \u226510\u00b3 cfu\/mL as a cut-off. The presence of all three elevated cytokine levels has OR 3.47 (1.06\u201311.34, p = 0.030) among patients with SIBO. Klebsiella pneumoniae detection was positively related with IL-6 and TNF-\u03b1 levels, when Methanobevibacter smithii was positively related with IL-1\u03b2 levels. The presence of SIBO is associated with elevated IL-1\u03b2 levels in the duodenal fluid. There is a high prevalence of all three proinflammatory cytokine levels elevated (IL-1\u03b2, IL-6, and TNF-\u03b1) in the duodenal fluid among patients with SIBO.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms10050960","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,3]],"date-time":"2022-05-03T08:26:35Z","timestamp":1651566395000},"page":"960","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Small Intestine Bacterial Overgrowth Can Form an Indigenous Proinflammatory Environment in the Duodenum: A Prospective Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6369-2823","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Evripidis","family":"Rizos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Hepatogastroenterology Unit, 2nd Department of Internal Propaedeutic Medicine, Attikon University General Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 124 62 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emmanouel","family":"Pyleris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, Sismanogleion General Hospital, 151 26 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark","family":"Pimentel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medically Associated Science and Technology (MAST) Program, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5183-9426","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Konstantinos","family":"Triantafyllou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hepatogastroenterology Unit, 2nd Department of Internal Propaedeutic Medicine, Attikon University General Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 124 62 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4713-3911","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Evangelos J.","family":"Giamarellos-Bourboulis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"4th Department of Internal Medicine, Attikon University General Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 1 Rimini Street, 124 62 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13350","DOI":"10.1111\/nmo.13350","article-title":"Does a glucose-based hydrogen and methane breath test detect bacterial overgrowth in the jejunum?","volume":"30","author":"Sundin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neurogastroenterol. 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