{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T06:23:52Z","timestamp":1789453432046,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,5]],"date-time":"2022-05-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1651708800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"The regular budget of the NRLBM and the Centre for Infectious Disease Control of the RIVM"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>COVID-19 control measures have resulted in a decline in invasive bacterial disease caused by Neisseria meningitidis (IMD), Streptococcus pneumoniae (IPD), and Haemophilus influenzae (Hi-D). These species comprise different serogroups and serotypes that impact transmissibility and virulence. We evaluated type- and pathogen-specific changes in invasive bacterial disease epidemiology in the Netherlands during the first year of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. Cases were based on nationwide surveillance for five bacterial species with either respiratory (IMD, IPD, Hi-D) or non-respiratory (controls) transmission routes and were compared from the pre-COVID period (April 2015\u2013March 2020) to the first COVID-19 year (April 2020\u2013March 2021). IMD, IPD, and Hi-D cases decreased by 78%, 67%, and 35%, respectively, in the first COVID-19 year compared to the pre-COVID period, although effects differed per age group. Serogroup B-IMD declined by 61%, while serogroup W and Y-IMD decreased &gt;90%. IPD caused by serotypes 7F, 15A, 12F, 33F, and 8 showed the most pronounced decline (\u226576%). In contrast to an overall decrease in Hi-D cases, vaccine-preventable serotype b (Hib) increased by 51%. COVID-19 control measures had pathogen- and type-specific effects related to invasive infections. Continued surveillance is critical to monitor potential rebound effects once restriction measures are lifted and transmission is resumed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms10050972","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,5]],"date-time":"2022-05-05T13:10:26Z","timestamp":1651756226000},"page":"972","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Pathogen- and Type-Specific Changes in Invasive Bacterial Disease Epidemiology during the First Year of the COVID-19 Pandemic in The Netherlands"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Anneke","family":"Steens","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), 3721 MA Bilthoven, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mirjam J.","family":"Knol","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), 3721 MA Bilthoven, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wieke","family":"Freudenburg-de Graaf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Netherlands Reference Laboratory for Bacterial Meningitis, Amsterdam UMC, Location AMC, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hester E.","family":"de Melker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), 3721 MA Bilthoven, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arie","family":"van der Ende","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Netherlands Reference Laboratory for Bacterial Meningitis, Amsterdam UMC, Location AMC, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2695-5863","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nina M.","family":"van Sorge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Netherlands Reference Laboratory for Bacterial Meningitis, Amsterdam UMC, Location AMC, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1099","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa1774","article-title":"Changing Epidemiology of Bacterial Meningitis Since Introduction of Conjugate Vaccines: 3 Decades of National Meningitis Surveillance in The Netherlands","volume":"73","author":"Koelman","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. 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