{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]],"date-time":"2026-06-10T07:13:20Z","timestamp":1781075600763,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,12]],"date-time":"2022-05-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1652313600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"European Union\u2019s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program","award":["101016167"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["101016167"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Previous studies assessing the antibody response (AbR) to mRNA COVID-19 vaccines in solid organ transplant (SOT) recipients are limited by short follow-up, hampering the analysis of AbR kinetics. We present the ORCHESTRA SOT recipients cohort assessed for AbR at first dose (t0), second dose (t1), and within 3 \u00b1 1 month (t2) after the first dose. We analyzed 1062 SOT patients (kidney, 63.7%; liver, 17.4%; heart, 16.7%; and lung, 2.5%) and 5045 health care workers (HCWs). The AbR rates in the SOTs and HCWs were 52.3% and 99.4%. The antibody levels were significantly higher in the HCWs than in the SOTs (p &lt; 0.001). The kinetics showed an increase (p &lt; 0.001) in antibody levels up to 76 days and a non-significant decrease after 118 days in the SOT recipients versus a decrease up to 76 days (p = 0.02) and a less pronounced decrease between 76 and 118 days (p = 0.04) in the HCWs. Upon multivariable analysis, liver transplant, \u22653 years from SOT, mRNA-1273, azathioprine, and longer time from t0 were associated with a positive AbR at t2. Older age, other comorbidities, mycophenolate, steroids, and impaired graft function were associated with lower AbR probability. Our results may be useful to optimize strategies of immune monitoring after COVID-19 vaccination and indications regarding timing for booster dosages calibrated on SOT patients\u2019 characteristics.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms10051021","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,12]],"date-time":"2022-05-12T21:46:53Z","timestamp":1652392013000},"page":"1021","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Evaluation of the Kinetics of Antibody Response to COVID-19 Vaccine in Solid Organ Transplant Recipients: The Prospective Multicenter ORCHESTRA Cohort"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Maddalena","family":"Giannella","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases Unit, Department of Integrated Management of Infectious Risk, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8718-1200","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elda","family":"Righi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2687-4235","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Renato","family":"Pascale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases Unit, Department of Integrated Management of Infectious Risk, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matteo","family":"Rinaldi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases Unit, Department of Integrated Management of Infectious Risk, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Natascia","family":"Caroccia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases Unit, Department of Integrated Management of Infectious Risk, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chiara","family":"Gamberini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microbiology Unit, IRCCS Policlinico Sant\u2019Orsola, University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1713-6807","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zaira R.","family":"Palacios-Baena","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases and Microbiology Unit, Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena and Department of Medicine, University of Sevilla\/Biomedicines Institute of Sevilla, CSIC, 41009 Sevilla, Spain"},{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica en Red en Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), 28029 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giulia","family":"Caponcello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases and Microbiology Unit, Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena and Department of Medicine, University of Sevilla\/Biomedicines Institute of Sevilla, CSIC, 41009 Sevilla, Spain"},{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica en Red en Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), 28029 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9742-1981","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Cristina","family":"Morelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Internal Medicine Unit for the Treatment of Severe Organ Failure, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mariarosa","family":"Tam\u00e8","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gastroenterology Unit, Department of Digestive, Hepatic and Endocrine-Metabolic Diseases, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3150-6704","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marco","family":"Busutti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation Unit, Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giorgia","family":"Comai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation Unit, Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luciano","family":"Potena","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Heart Failure and Transplant Unit, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4048-1086","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elena","family":"Salvaterra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Interventional Pulmonology Unit, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Feltrin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Regional Center for Transplant Coordination, 35128 Padua, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Umberto","family":"Cillo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hepatobiliary Surgery and Liver Transplantation Unit, Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, Padua University Hospital, 35128 Padua, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6261-699X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gino","family":"Gerosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiac Surgery Unit, Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padua, 35128 Padua, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mara","family":"Cananzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Digestive Endoscopy, Hepatology and Care of the Child with Liver Transplantation, Department of Women\u2019s and Children\u2019s Health, University Hospital of Padua, 35128 Padua, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Salvatore","family":"Piano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Internal Medicine and Hepatology (UIMH), Department of Medicine\u2014DIMED, University of Padua, 35128 Padua, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8939-6376","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elisa","family":"Benetti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplant Unit, Department of Women\u2019s and Children\u2019s Health, Padua University Hospital, 35128 Padua, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8791-191X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patrizia","family":"Burra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Gastroenterology and Multivisceral Transplant, Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, University Hospital of Padua, 35128 Padua, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Monica","family":"Loy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Thoracic Surgical Unit, Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, and Vascular Sciences, University of Padua, 35128 Padua, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lucrezia","family":"Furian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kidney and Pancreas Transplantation Unit, Department of Surgical, Oncological and Gastroenterological Sciences, University of Padua, 35128 Padua, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6004-6196","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gianluigi","family":"Zaza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Renal Unit, Department of Medicine, University Hospital of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesco","family":"Onorati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cardiac Surgery, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amedeo","family":"Carraro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Liver Transplant Unit, Department of Surgery and Dentistry, University and Hospital Trust of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fiorella","family":"Gastaldon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation, San Bortolo Hospital, 36100 Vicenza, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9054-1593","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maurizio","family":"Nordio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation Unit, Treviso Hospital, 35121 Treviso, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9466-6732","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Samir","family":"Kumar-Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Pathology Group, Laboratory of Cell Biology & Histology University of Antwerp, Faculty of Medicine, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mahsa","family":"Abedini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, 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Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3093-363X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tiziana","family":"Lazzarotto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microbiology Unit, IRCCS Policlinico Sant\u2019Orsola, University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pierluigi","family":"Viale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases Unit, Department of Integrated Management of Infectious Risk, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Evelina","family":"Tacconelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"on behalf of The ORCHESTRA Study Group Workpackage","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2021.24315","article-title":"Winter of Omicron-The Evolving COVID-19 Pandemic","volume":"327","author":"Omer","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2002083","DOI":"10.1080\/21645515.2021.2002083","article-title":"A comprehensive review of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines: Pfizer, Moderna & Johnson & Johnson","volume":"18","author":"Patel","year":"2022","journal-title":"Hum. 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