{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T01:36:03Z","timestamp":1792805763797,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,16]],"date-time":"2022-05-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1652659200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","award":["HHS-N272201400053C"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HHS-N272201400053C"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/043z4tv69","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","award":["HHS-N272200800039C"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HHS-N272200800039C"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/043z4tv69","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services","award":["HHS-N272201400053C"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HHS-N272201400053C"]}]},{"name":"National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services","award":["HHS-N272200800039C"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HHS-N272200800039C"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Dengue fever, caused by any of four dengue viruses (DENV1-4), is a major global burden. Currently, there is no effective vaccine that prevents infection in dengue na\u00efve populations. We tested the ability of two novel adjuvants (Advax-PEI and Advax-2), using aluminum hydroxide (alum) as control, to enhance the immunogenicity of formalin- or psoralen-inactivated (PIV or PsIV) DENV2 vaccines in mice. Mice were vaccinated on days 0 and 30, and serum samples were collected on days 30, 60, 90, and 101. Neutralizing antibodies were determined by microneutralization (MN) assays, and the geometric mean 50% MN (MN50) titers were calculated. For the PIV groups, after one dose MN50 titers were higher in the novel adjuvant groups compared to the alum control, while MN50 titers were comparable between the adjuvant groups after the second dose. For the PsIV groups, both novel adjuvants induced higher MN50 titers than the alum control after the second dose. Spleen cells were collected on days 45 and 101 for enzyme-linked immunospot (ELISPOT) for IFN\u03b3 and IL4. Both PIV and PsIV groups elicited different degrees of IFN\u03b3 and IL4 responses. Overall, Advax-2 gave the best responses just ahead of Advax-PEI. Given Advax-2\u2019s extensive human experience in other vaccine applications, it will be pursued for further development.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms10051034","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,16]],"date-time":"2022-05-16T21:36:06Z","timestamp":1652736966000},"page":"1034","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Enhanced Immunogenicity of Inactivated Dengue Vaccines by Novel Polysaccharide-Based Adjuvants in Mice"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3369-4259","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shuenn-Jue","family":"Wu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Viral and Rickettsial Diseases Department, Infectious Diseases Directorate, Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dan","family":"Ewing","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Viral and Rickettsial Diseases Department, Infectious Diseases Directorate, Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Appavu K.","family":"Sundaram","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Viral and Rickettsial Diseases Department, Infectious Diseases Directorate, Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA"},{"name":"Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD 20817, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hua-Wei","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Viral and Rickettsial Diseases Department, Infectious Diseases Directorate, Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA"},{"name":"Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD 20817, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhaodong","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Viral and Rickettsial Diseases Department, Infectious Diseases Directorate, Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA"},{"name":"Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD 20817, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ying","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Viral and Rickettsial Diseases Department, Infectious Diseases Directorate, Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA"},{"name":"Leidos, Inc., Reston, VA 20190, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vihasi","family":"Jani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Viral and Rickettsial Diseases Department, Infectious Diseases Directorate, Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA"},{"name":"Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD 20817, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peifang","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Viral and Rickettsial Diseases Department, Infectious Diseases Directorate, Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4576-4277","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gregory D.","family":"Gromowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Viral Diseases Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rafael A.","family":"De La Barrera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pilot Bioproduction Facility, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Megan A.","family":"Schilling","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Viral and Rickettsial Diseases Department, Infectious Diseases Directorate, Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1580-5245","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nikolai","family":"Petrovsky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vaxine Pty Ltd., Warradale, SA 5042, Australia"},{"name":"College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA 5042, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kevin R.","family":"Porter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases Directorate, Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maya","family":"Williams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases Directorate, Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.1038\/nature12060","article-title":"The global distribution and burden of dengue","volume":"496","author":"Bhatt","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.7205\/MILMED.173.2.174","article-title":"Infectious Diseases Investment Decision Evaluation Algorithm: A Quantitative Algorithm for Prioritization of Naturally Occurring Infectious Disease Threats to the U.S. Military","volume":"173","author":"Burnette","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mil. 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