{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,18]],"date-time":"2026-01-18T07:30:16Z","timestamp":1768721416954,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":99,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,25]],"date-time":"2022-05-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1653436800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute K01 award 1K01HL140285-01A1","award":["HHSN272201300022I"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HHSN272201300022I"]}]},{"name":"National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute K01 award 1K01HL140285-01A1","award":["U01AI112367"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U01AI112367"]}]},{"name":"National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute K01 award 1K01HL140285-01A1","award":["GNT1161066"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GNT1161066"]}]},{"name":"National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute K01 award 1K01HL140285-01A1","award":["U19 AI110820"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U19 AI110820"]}]},{"name":"National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute K01 award 1K01HL140285-01A1","award":["R01 AI141900"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 AI141900"]}]},{"name":"National Institutes of Health","award":["HHSN272201300022I"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HHSN272201300022I"]}]},{"name":"National Institutes of Health","award":["U01AI112367"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U01AI112367"]}]},{"name":"National Institutes of Health","award":["GNT1161066"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GNT1161066"]}]},{"name":"National Institutes of Health","award":["U19 AI110820"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U19 AI110820"]}]},{"name":"National Institutes of Health","award":["R01 AI141900"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 AI141900"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Failure to account for genetic diversity of antigens during vaccine design may lead to vaccine escape. To evaluate the vaccine escape potential of antigens used in vaccines currently in development or clinical testing, we surveyed the genetic diversity, measured population differentiation, and performed in silico prediction and analysis of T-cell epitopes of ten such Plasmodium falciparum pre-erythrocytic-stage antigens using whole-genome sequence data from 1010 field isolates. Of these, 699 were collected in Africa (Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Guinea, Kenya, Malawi, Mali, and Tanzania), 69 in South America (Brazil, Colombia, French Guiana, and Peru), 59 in Oceania (Papua New Guinea), and 183 in Asia (Cambodia, Myanmar, and Thailand). Antigens surveyed include cell-traversal protein for ookinetes and sporozoites, circumsporozoite protein, liver-stage antigens 1 and 3, sporozoite surface proteins P36 and P52, sporozoite asparagine-rich protein-1, sporozoite microneme protein essential for cell traversal-2, and upregulated-in-infectious-sporozoite 3 and 4 proteins. The analyses showed that a limited number of these protein variants, when combined, would be representative of worldwide parasite populations. Moreover, predicted T-cell epitopes were identified that could be further explored for immunogenicity and protective efficacy. Findings can inform the rational design of a multivalent malaria vaccine.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms10061090","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,25]],"date-time":"2022-05-25T08:41:33Z","timestamp":1653468093000},"page":"1090","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["An In Silico Analysis of Malaria Pre-Erythrocytic-Stage Antigens Interpreting Worldwide Genetic Data to Suggest Vaccine Candidate Variants and Epitopes"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1964-7130","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amed","family":"Ouattara","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Malaria Research Program, Center for Vaccine Development and Global Heath, School of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 685 West Baltimore St., Baltimore, MD 21201, USA"},{"name":"Malaria Research and Training Center, University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako P.O. Box 1805, Mali"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7294-1975","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ankit","family":"Dwivedi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 670 West Baltimore St., Baltimore, MD 21201, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Matthew","family":"Adams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Malaria Research Program, Center for Vaccine Development and Global Heath, School of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 685 West Baltimore St., Baltimore, MD 21201, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Amadou","family":"Niangaly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Malaria Research and Training Center, University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako P.O. Box 1805, Mali"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Matthew B.","family":"Laurens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Malaria Research Program, Center for Vaccine Development and Global Heath, School of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 685 West Baltimore St., Baltimore, MD 21201, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Myaing M.","family":"Nyunt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Malaria Research Program, Center for Vaccine Development and Global Heath, School of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 685 West Baltimore St., Baltimore, MD 21201, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christopher V.","family":"Plowe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Malaria Research Program, Center for Vaccine Development and Global Heath, School of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 685 West Baltimore St., Baltimore, MD 21201, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0062-2283","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abdoulaye","family":"Djimde","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Malaria Research and Training Center, University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako P.O. Box 1805, Mali"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shannon","family":"Takala-Harrison","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Malaria Research Program, Center for Vaccine Development and Global Heath, School of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 685 West Baltimore St., Baltimore, MD 21201, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Joana C.","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 670 West Baltimore St., Baltimore, MD 21201, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s40475-015-0041-3","article-title":"Malaria Vaccines: Moving Forward After Encouraging First Steps","volume":"2","author":"Tran","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr. Trop. 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