{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T22:48:47Z","timestamp":1792622927226,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,29]],"date-time":"2022-05-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1653782400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Nocardia is primarily considered an opportunistic pathogen and affects patients with impaired immune systems, solid-organ transplant recipients (SOTRs), and patients with haematologic malignancies. We present the cases of six patients diagnosed with nocardiosis at our center in the last two years, describing the various predisposing conditions alongside the clinical manifestation, the diagnostic workup, and the treatment course. Moreover, we propose a brief literature review on Nocardia infections in the immunocompromised host, focusing on SOTRs and haematopoietic stem cell transplantation recipients and highlighting risk factors, clinical presentations, the diagnostic tools available, and current treatment and prophylaxis guidelines.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms10061120","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,29]],"date-time":"2022-05-29T23:43:03Z","timestamp":1653867783000},"page":"1120","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Nocardia Infections in the Immunocompromised Host: A Case Series and Literature Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1386-6180","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emanuele","family":"Palomba","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca\u2019 Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milano, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milano, 20133 Milano, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arianna","family":"Liparoti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca\u2019 Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milano, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milano, 20133 Milano, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Tonizzo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca\u2019 Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milano, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milano, 20133 Milano, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Valeria","family":"Castelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca\u2019 Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milano, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milano, 20133 Milano, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Alagna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca\u2019 Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milano, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4064-4017","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giorgio","family":"Bozzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca\u2019 Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milano, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Riccardo","family":"Ungaro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca\u2019 Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milano, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2428-6432","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonio","family":"Muscatello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca\u2019 Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milano, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6587-4794","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrea","family":"Gori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca\u2019 Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milano, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milano, 20133 Milano, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alessandra","family":"Bandera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca\u2019 Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milano, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milano, 20133 Milano, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0b013e3181afa1c8","article-title":"Nocardiosis at the Turn of the Century","volume":"88","author":"Minero","year":"2009","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.19.2.259-282.2006","article-title":"Clinical and Laboratory Features of the Nocardia Spp. Based on Current Molecular Taxonomy","volume":"19","author":"Brown","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12436","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000012436","article-title":"Manifestations and Outcomes of Nocardia Infections Comparison of Immunocompromised and Nonimmunocompromised Adult Patients","volume":"97","author":"Steinbrink","year":"2018","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1097\/MOT.0000000000000793","article-title":"Update on Nocardia Infections in Solid-Organ Transplantation","volume":"25","author":"Saullo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Organ Transplant."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1007\/s11908-019-0684-7","article-title":"Catania, Updates on Nocardia Skin and Soft Tissue Infections in Solid Organ Transplantation","volume":"21","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr. Infect. Dis. Rep."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.transproceed.2011.06.065","article-title":"Infection by Nocardia in Solid Organ Transplantation: Thirty Years of Experience","volume":"43","author":"Santos","year":"2011","journal-title":"Transplant. Proc."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12902","DOI":"10.1111\/tid.12902","article-title":"Nocardia Infections in the Transplanted Host","volume":"20","author":"Stout","year":"2018","journal-title":"Transpl. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1097\/QCO.0000000000000404","article-title":"Nocardia Infections in Solid Organ and Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant Recipients","volume":"30","author":"Coussement","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Infect. 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Blood Marrow Transplant."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1399-3062.2003.00007.x","article-title":"Systemic Nocardiosis Following Allogeneic Bone Marrow Transplantation","volume":"5","author":"Daly","year":"2003","journal-title":"Transpl. Infect. Dis. Off. J. Transplant. Soc."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12904","DOI":"10.1111\/tid.12904","article-title":"A 20-Year Experience with Nocardiosis in Solid Organ Transplant (SOT) Recipients in the Southwestern United States: A Single-Center Study","volume":"20","author":"Majeed","year":"2018","journal-title":"Transpl. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2020.01.011","article-title":"Nocardia Bacteremia: A Single-Center Retrospective Review and a Systematic Review of the Literature","volume":"92","author":"Williams","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"550","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2020.12.019","article-title":"How do I manage nocardiosis?","volume":"27","author":"Margalit","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S326","DOI":"10.1097\/01.tp.0000700164.06183.b2","article-title":"Epidemiology of Nocardia spp infections in heart transplant recipients at a single center","volume":"104","author":"Nam","year":"2020","journal-title":"Transplantation"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2227","DOI":"10.1007\/s40121-021-00495-7","article-title":"The Role of 18-Fluorodeoxyglucose Positron Emission Tomography\/Computed Tomography (FDG-PET\/CT) in Management of Nocardiosis: A Retrospective Study and Review of the Literature","volume":"10","author":"Margalit","year":"2021","journal-title":"Infect. Dis. Ther."}],"container-title":["Microorganisms"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2607\/10\/6\/1120\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T23:21:00Z","timestamp":1760138460000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2607\/10\/6\/1120"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,29]]},"references-count":19,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6]]}},"alternative-id":["microorganisms10061120"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/microorganisms10061120","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-2607"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-2607","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,29]]}}}