{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T23:19:31Z","timestamp":1777936771894,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,14]],"date-time":"2022-06-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1655164800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Red Meat Research and Development South Africa (RMRD SA), and the Department of Trade Industry and Competition","award":["THRIP\/22\/30\/11\/2017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["THRIP\/22\/30\/11\/2017"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Annually, approximately 23,000 cases of food poisoning by Staphylococcus aureus enterotoxins are reported worldwide. The aim of this study was to determine the occurrence and characterize S. aureus on beef and beef products in South Africa. Organ meats (n = 169), raw processed meat (n = 110), raw intact (n = 53), and ready-to-eat meats (n = 68) were obtained from 25 retail outlets. S. aureus was isolated and enumerated according to the ISO 6888-1 method. Identification of the strains was performed by MALDI-TOF MS. The antimicrobial resistance was determined using the disc diffusion test. The presence of methicillin-resistance genes and the staphylococcal enterotoxin genes was determined by PCR. Prevalence was low (13\/400; CI 1.7\u20135) and all but one positive sample were from organ meats. Eight isolates were resistant to at least one antibiotic. Two isolates carried the mecC gene. All the isolates tested positive for seg, seh, sei, and sep, whilst 53.8% were positive for sea. None of the isolates was positive for ser, sej, seb, sec, or sed. The prevalence of S. aureus was low, with organ meats being the most contaminated. The presence of mecC-positive MRSA and of enterotoxins warrants further investigation and risk assessment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms10061211","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,15]],"date-time":"2022-06-15T01:39:54Z","timestamp":1655257194000},"page":"1211","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Antimicrobial Resistance, Enterotoxin and mec Gene Profiles of Staphylococcus aureus Associated with Beef-Based Protein Sources from KwaZulu-Natal Province, South Africa"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Thembeka","family":"Thwala","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Zululand, Private Bag X1001, KwaDlangezwa, Empangeni 3886, South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Evelyn","family":"Madoroba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Zululand, Private Bag X1001, KwaDlangezwa, Empangeni 3886, South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tsolanku S.","family":"Maliehe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Zululand, Private Bag X1001, KwaDlangezwa, Empangeni 3886, South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kudakwashe","family":"Magwedere","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Directorate of Veterinary Public Health, Department of Agriculture, Land Reform and Rural Development, Pretoria 0001, South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Albert K.","family":"Basson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Zululand, Private Bag X1001, KwaDlangezwa, Empangeni 3886, South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Patrick","family":"Butaye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathobiology, Pharmacology and Zoological Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B9820 Merelbeke, Belgium"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Basseterre P.O. Box 334, Saint Kitts and Nevis"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meatsci.2004.07.017","article-title":"Meat as a component of a healthy diet-are there any risks or benefits if meat is avoided in the diet?","volume":"70","author":"Biesalski","year":"2005","journal-title":"Meat Sci."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"856","DOI":"10.1590\/S0101-20612007000400028","article-title":"Technology, Identification of main contamination points by hygiene indicator microorganisms in beef processing plants","volume":"27","author":"Barros","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Jensen, W.K., Devine, C., and Dikeman, M. (2004). Microbial Contamination of carcasses and cuts. 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