{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T22:54:05Z","timestamp":1791500045837,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":386,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,21]],"date-time":"2022-06-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1655769600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"The Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)","award":["ANR-20-CE15-0016"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ANR-20-CE15-0016"]}]},{"name":"The Institut National de la Sant\u00e9 et de la Recherche M\u00e9dicale (INSERM)","award":["ANR-20-CE15-0016"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ANR-20-CE15-0016"]}]},{"name":"The Excellence Initiative of Aix-Marseille Universit\u00e9 (AMU) (A*MIDEX)","award":["ANR-20-CE15-0016"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ANR-20-CE15-0016"]}]},{"name":"French \u201cInvestissements d\u2019Avenir\u201d programme","award":["ANR-20-CE15-0016"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ANR-20-CE15-0016"]}]},{"name":"INSERM Transfert (CoPoC)","award":["ANR-20-CE15-0016"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ANR-20-CE15-0016"]}]},{"name":"Agence Nationale de la Recherche","award":["ANR-20-CE15-0016"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ANR-20-CE15-0016"]}]},{"name":"The Fondation de Coop\u00e9ration Scientifique \u201cM\u00e9diterran\u00e9e Infection\u201d","award":["ANR-20-CE15-0016"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ANR-20-CE15-0016"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Brucellosis is considered one of the major zoonoses worldwide, constituting a critical livestock and human health concern with a huge socio-economic burden. Brucella genus, its etiologic agent, is composed of intracellular bacteria that have evolved a prodigious ability to elude and shape host immunity to establish chronic infection. Brucella\u2019s intracellular lifestyle and pathogen-associated molecular patterns, such as its specific lipopolysaccharide (LPS), are key factors for hiding and hampering recognition by the immune system. Here, we will review the current knowledge of evading and immunosuppressive mechanisms elicited by Brucella species to persist stealthily in their hosts, such as those triggered by their LPS and cyclic \u03b2-1,2-d-glucan or involved in neutrophil and monocyte avoidance, antigen presentation impairment, the modulation of T cell responses and immunometabolism. Attractive strategies exploited by other successful chronic pathogenic bacteria, including Mycobacteria, Salmonella, and Chlamydia, will be also discussed, with a special emphasis on the mechanisms operating in brucellosis, such as granuloma formation, pyroptosis, and manipulation of type I and III IFNs, B cells, innate lymphoid cells, and host lipids. A better understanding of these stratagems is essential to fighting bacterial chronic infections and designing innovative treatments and vaccines.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms10071260","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,22]],"date-time":"2022-06-22T04:12:01Z","timestamp":1655871121000},"page":"1260","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":46,"title":["Immunosuppressive Mechanisms in Brucellosis in Light of Chronic Bacterial Diseases"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3505-8638","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joaquin Miguel","family":"Pellegrini","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre d\u2019Immunologie de Marseille Luminy, INSERM, CNRS, Aix-Marseille Universit\u00e9, Parc Scientifique et Technologique de Luminy, Case 906, CEDEX 09, 13288 Marseille, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jean-Pierre","family":"Gorvel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre d\u2019Immunologie de Marseille Luminy, INSERM, CNRS, Aix-Marseille Universit\u00e9, Parc Scientifique et Technologique de Luminy, Case 906, CEDEX 09, 13288 Marseille, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6571-4192","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sylvie","family":"M\u00e9met","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre d\u2019Immunologie de Marseille Luminy, INSERM, CNRS, Aix-Marseille Universit\u00e9, Parc Scientifique et Technologique de Luminy, Case 906, CEDEX 09, 13288 Marseille, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Espinoza, G., Arce-Gorvel, V., M\u00e9met, S., and Gorvel, J.-P. 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