{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T11:58:08Z","timestamp":1787918288231,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":161,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,25]],"date-time":"2022-06-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1656115200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The increasing demand for petroleum products generates needs for innovative and reliable methods for cleaning up crude oil spills. Annually, several oil spills occur around the world, which brings numerous ecological and environmental disasters on the surface of deep seawaters like oceans. Biological and physico-chemical remediation technologies can be efficient in terms of spill cleanup and microorganisms\u2014mainly bacteria\u2014are the main ones responsible for petroleum hydrocarbons (PHCs) degradation such as crude oil. Currently, biodegradation is considered as one of the most sustainable and efficient techniques for the removal of PHCs. However, environmental factors associated with the functioning and performance of microorganisms involved in hydrocarbon-degradation have remained relatively unclear. This has limited our understanding on how to select and inoculate microorganisms within technologies of cleaning and to optimize physico-chemical remediation and degradation methods. This review article presents the latest discoveries in bioremediation techniques such as biostimulation, bioaugmentation, and biosurfactants as well as immobilization strategies for increasing the efficiency. Besides, environmental affecting factors and microbial strains engaged in bioremediation and biodegradation of PHCs in marines are discussed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms10071289","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,26]],"date-time":"2022-06-26T21:01:41Z","timestamp":1656277301000},"page":"1289","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":38,"title":["A Review on Biotechnological Approaches Applied for Marine Hydrocarbon Spills Remediation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0819-3404","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Farzad","family":"Rahmati","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Qom Branch, Islamic Azad University (IAU), Qom 37185364, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7609-5833","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Behnam","family":"Asgari Lajayer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Soil Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tabriz, Tabriz 5166616422, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Najmeh","family":"Shadfar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Alzahra University, Tehran 1993893973, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter M.","family":"van Bodegom","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Biology, Institute of Environmental Sciences, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9518, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1519-1925","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eric D.","family":"van Hullebusch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris, Universit\u00e9 Paris Cit\u00e9, CNRS, 75005 Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.37828\/em.2019.25.9","article-title":"Main pattern of the Caspian Sea surface oil pollution revealed by satellite data","volume":"25","author":"Mityagina","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ecol. 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