{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T23:10:54Z","timestamp":1790809854835,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":145,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,27]],"date-time":"2022-06-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1656288000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The objective of this narrative review was to check the influence of the human microbiota in the pathogenesis of acne and how the treatment with probiotics as adjuvant or alternative therapy affects the evolution of acne vulgaris. Acne is a chronic inflammatory skin disease involving the pilosebaceous units. The pathogenesis of acne is complex and multifactorial involving genetic, metabolic, and hormonal factors in which both skin and gut microbiota are implicated. Numerous studies have shown the bidirectionality between the intestinal microbiota and skin homeostasis, a communication mainly established by modifying the immune system. Increased data on the mechanisms of action regarding the relevance of Cutibacterium acnes, as well as the importance of the gut\u2013skin axis, are becoming known. Diverse and varied in vitro studies have shown the potential beneficial effects of probiotics in this context. Clinical trials with both topical and oral probiotics are scarce, although they have shown positive results, especially with oral probiotics through the modulation of the intestinal microbiota, generating an anti-inflammatory response and restoring intestinal integrity, or through metabolic pathways involving insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-1). Given the aggressiveness of some standard acne treatments, probiotics should continue to be investigated as an alternative or adjuvant therapy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms10071303","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,28]],"date-time":"2022-06-28T00:07:02Z","timestamp":1656374822000},"page":"1303","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":127,"title":["Acne, Microbiome, and Probiotics: The Gut\u2013Skin Axis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9909-5094","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pedro","family":"S\u00e1nchez-Pellicer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"MiBioPath Research Group, Department of Clinical Medicine, Health Sciences Faculty, Catholic University of Murcia, Campus de los Jer\u00f3nimos 135, 30107 Murcia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0241-6232","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laura","family":"Navarro-Moratalla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MiBioPath Research Group, Department of Clinical Medicine, Health Sciences Faculty, Catholic University of Murcia, Campus de los Jer\u00f3nimos 135, 30107 Murcia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eva","family":"N\u00fa\u00f1ez-Delegido","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MiBioPath Research Group, Department of Clinical Medicine, Health Sciences Faculty, Catholic University of Murcia, Campus de los Jer\u00f3nimos 135, 30107 Murcia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Beatriz","family":"Ruzafa-Costas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MiBioPath Research Group, Department of Clinical Medicine, Health Sciences Faculty, Catholic University of Murcia, Campus de los Jer\u00f3nimos 135, 30107 Murcia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juan","family":"Ag\u00fcera-Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MiBioPath Research Group, Department of Clinical Medicine, Health Sciences Faculty, Catholic University of Murcia, Campus de los Jer\u00f3nimos 135, 30107 Murcia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3731-9827","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vicente","family":"Navarro-L\u00f3pez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MiBioPath Research Group, Department of Clinical Medicine, Health Sciences Faculty, Catholic University of Murcia, Campus de los Jer\u00f3nimos 135, 30107 Murcia, Spain"},{"name":"Infectious Diseases Unit, University Hospital of Vinalop\u00f3, Carrer Tonico Sansano Mora 14, 03293 Elche, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00695-20","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00695-20","article-title":"Living in Your Skin: Microbes, Molecules, and Mechanisms","volume":"89","author":"Swaney","year":"2021","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro.2017.157","article-title":"The human skin microbiome","volume":"16","author":"Byrd","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1038\/nature13786","article-title":"Biogeography and individuality shape function in the human skin metagenome","volume":"514","author":"Oh","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-med-042320-014032","article-title":"The Gut-Brain Axis","volume":"73","author":"Mayer","year":"2022","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Med."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro.2016.142","article-title":"Emerging pathogenic links between microbiota and the gut-lung axis","volume":"15","author":"Budden","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"558","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2019.10.003","article-title":"The gut-liver axis in liver disease: Pathophysiological basis for therapy","volume":"72","author":"Albillos","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"De Pessemier, B., Grine, L., Debaere, M., Maes, A., Paetzold, B., and Callewaert, C. (2021). Gut-Skin Axis: Current Knowledge of the Interrelationship between Microbial Dysbiosis and Skin Conditions. Microorganisms, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms9020353"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Navarro-L\u00f3pez, V., N\u00fa\u00f1ez-Delegido, E., Ruzafa-Costas, B., S\u00e1nchez-Pellicer, P., Ag\u00fcera-Santos, J., and Navarro-Moratalla, L. (2021). Probiotics in the Therapeutic Arsenal of Dermatologists. Microorganisms, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms9071513"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"829","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2021.08.021","article-title":"The skin microbiome and the gut-skin axis","volume":"39","author":"Sinha","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1417","DOI":"10.1001\/jamadermatol.2018.3631","article-title":"Association of Psoriasis with Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis","volume":"154","author":"Fu","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAMA Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"670","DOI":"10.1001\/jamadermatol.2014.5585","article-title":"Identification of Bacterial DNA in the Peripheral Blood of Patients with Active Psoriasis","volume":"151","author":"Such","year":"2015","journal-title":"JAMA Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1167","DOI":"10.1002\/bies.201600008","article-title":"The gut-skin axis in health and disease: A paradigm with therapeutic implications","volume":"38","author":"Monteleone","year":"2016","journal-title":"Bioessays"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1459","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2018.01459","article-title":"The Gut Microbiome as a Major Regulator of the Gut-Skin Axis","volume":"9","author":"Salem","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5754","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-62715-3","article-title":"Systematic review of the epidemiology of acne vulgaris","volume":"10","author":"Heng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1503","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-3083.2011.04329.x","article-title":"Acne: Prevalence and relationship with dietary habits in Eskisehir, Turkey","volume":"26","author":"Aksu","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1159\/000475775","article-title":"Epidemiology of Acne Vulgaris in 18-Year-Old Male Army Conscripts in a South Brazilian City","volume":"233","author":"Zouboulis","year":"2017","journal-title":"Dermatology"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2163","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)61729-2","article-title":"Years lived with disability (YLDs) for 1160 sequelae of 289 diseases and injuries 1990-2010: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010","volume":"380","author":"Vos","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.1111\/bjd.12149","article-title":"Epidemiology of acne vulgaris","volume":"168","author":"Bhate","year":"2013","journal-title":"Br. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1584","DOI":"10.1001\/archderm.138.12.1584","article-title":"Acne vulgaris: A disease of Western civilization","volume":"138","author":"Cordain","year":"2002","journal-title":"Arch. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1111\/bjd.13634","article-title":"What\u2019s new in the physiopathology of acne?","volume":"172","author":"Suh","year":"2015","journal-title":"Br. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e8","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3164.2012.01082.x","article-title":"Innate immune defense system of the skin","volume":"24","author":"Afshar","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vet. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15029","DOI":"10.1038\/nrdp.2015.29","article-title":"Acne vulgaris","volume":"1","author":"Makrantonaki","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Dis. Primers"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.2147\/CCID.S69135","article-title":"Linking diet to acne metabolomics, inflammation, and comedogenesis: An update","volume":"8","author":"Melnik","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Cosmet. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1007\/s12275-008-0179-y","article-title":"Antimicrobial activity of enterocins from Enterococcus faecalis SL-5 against Propionibacterium acnes, the causative agent in acne vulgaris, and its therapeutic effect","volume":"47","author":"Kang","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1105","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.2005.06933.x","article-title":"Induction of toll-like receptors by Propionibacterium acnes","volume":"153","author":"Jugeau","year":"2005","journal-title":"Br. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1111\/ced.12252","article-title":"Acne, quorum sensing and danger","volume":"39","author":"Lwin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1007\/s00109-005-0715-8","article-title":"Enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of leukotriene B4 and prostaglandin E2 are active in sebaceous glands","volume":"84","author":"Alestas","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4337","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1300298","article-title":"Inflammasome-mediated secretion of IL-1\u03b2 in human monocytes through TLR2 activation; modulation by dietary fatty acids","volume":"191","author":"Snodgrass","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"985","DOI":"10.1038\/jid.2009.384","article-title":"Sebum free fatty acids enhance the innate immune defense of human sebocytes by upregulating beta-defensin-2 expression","volume":"130","author":"Nakatsuji","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2014.08.013","article-title":"Free fatty acids as modulators of the NLRP3 inflammasome in obesity\/type 2 diabetes","volume":"92","author":"Esser","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biochem. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1038\/jid.2013.438","article-title":"IL-1\u03b2 drives inflammatory responses to propionibacterium acnes in vitro and in vivo","volume":"134","author":"Kistowska","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1007\/s00403-008-0879-5","article-title":"The sebocyte culture: A model to study the pathophysiology of the sebaceous gland in sebostasis, seborrhoea and acne","volume":"300","author":"Zouboulis","year":"2008","journal-title":"Arch. Dermatol. Res."},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"e14695","article-title":"An updated review of the sebaceous gland and its role in health and diseases Part 1: Embryology, evolution, structure, and function of sebaceous glands","volume":"34","author":"Shamloul","year":"2021","journal-title":"Dermatol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"858176","DOI":"10.1155\/2010\/858176","article-title":"Lipid mediators in acne","volume":"2010","author":"Ottaviani","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mediat. Inflamm."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1497","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2018.08.062","article-title":"Androgens in women: Androgen-mediated skin disease and patient evaluation","volume":"80","author":"Bienenfeld","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"509","article-title":"Sex hormones and acne: State of the art","volume":"19","author":"Hu","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Dtsch. Dermatol. Ges."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsbmb.2013.02.006","article-title":"Steroidogenesis in the skin: Implications for local immune functions","volume":"137","author":"Slominski","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.14374","article-title":"What is new in the pathophysiology of acne, an overview","volume":"31","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1356518","DOI":"10.1080\/19381980.2017.1356518","article-title":"Insulin and Insulin-like growth factor-1 can activate the phosphoinositide-3-kinase \/Akt\/FoxO1 pathway in T cells in vitro","volume":"9","author":"Mirdamadi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Dermatoendocrinology"},{"key":"ref_40","first-page":"559","article-title":"The role of transcription factor FoxO1 in the pathogenesis of acne vulgaris and the mode of isotretinoin action","volume":"145","author":"Melnik","year":"2010","journal-title":"G. Ital. Dermatol. Venereol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1016\/j.maturitas.2009.03.008","article-title":"Mechanism of androgen receptor action","volume":"63","author":"Li","year":"2009","journal-title":"Maturitas"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.2147\/CCID.S137794","article-title":"Adult-onset acne: Prevalence, impact, and management challenges","volume":"11","author":"Rocha","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Cosmet. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.1997.tb08748.x","article-title":"Post-adolescent acne: A review of clinical features","volume":"136","author":"Goulden","year":"1997","journal-title":"Br. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1111\/ijd.14748","article-title":"A study comparing the clinical and hormonal profile of late onset and persistent acne in adult females","volume":"59","author":"Sardana","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/S1297-9589(01)00255-7","article-title":"Feminine acne: Dermatologic disease or endocrine disease?","volume":"30","author":"Vexiau","year":"2002","journal-title":"Gynecol. Obstet. Fertil."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1080\/13697137.2021.1915273","article-title":"Postmenopausal hyperandrogenism","volume":"25","author":"Yoldemir","year":"2022","journal-title":"Climacteric"},{"key":"ref_47","first-page":"524","article-title":"The androgen control of sebum production. Studies of subjects with dihydrotestosterone deficiency and complete androgen insensitivity","volume":"76","author":"Gautier","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_48","first-page":"2497","article-title":"Free insulin-like growth factor I serum levels in 1430 healthy children and adults, and its diagnostic value in patients suspected of growth hormone deficiency","volume":"82","author":"Juul","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"950","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-3083.2010.03896.x","article-title":"Effect of insulin-like growth factor-1 deficiency or administration on the occurrence of acne","volume":"25","author":"Laron","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2003.07.021","article-title":"A systemic type I 5 alpha-reductase inhibitor is ineffective in the treatment of acne vulgaris","volume":"50","author":"Leyden","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2007-961814","article-title":"Inhibition of 5alpha-reductase activity in SZ95 sebocytes and Ha-CaT keratinocytes in vitro","volume":"39","author":"Seiffert","year":"2008","journal-title":"Horm. Metab. Res."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2870","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms3870","article-title":"Two new susceptibility loci 1q24.2 and 11p11.2 confer risk to severe acne","volume":"5","author":"He","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4020","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms5020","article-title":"Genome-wide association study identifies three novel susceptibility loci for severe Acne vulgaris","volume":"5","author":"Navarini","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1017\/thg.2017.58","article-title":"Heritability and GWAS Analyses of Acne in Australian Adolescent Twins","volume":"20","author":"Grasby","year":"2017","journal-title":"Twin. Res. Hum. Genet."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-92616-8_6","article-title":"The Immunogenetics of Acne","volume":"1367","author":"Elsaie","year":"2022","journal-title":"Adv. Exp. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"702","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-28252-5","article-title":"Genome-wide association meta-analysis identifies 29 new acne susceptibility loci","volume":"13","author":"Mitchell","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_57","first-page":"409","article-title":"A bacteriological and microscopical study of over three hundred vesicular and pustular lesions of the skin, with a research upon the etiology of Acne vulgaris","volume":"9","author":"Gilchrist","year":"1900","journal-title":"Johns Hopkins Hosp. Rep."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.3920\/BM2012.0062","article-title":"Bacterial skin commensals and their role as host guardians","volume":"5","author":"Christensen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Benef. Microbes"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.47489-0","article-title":"A new phylogenetic group of Propionibacterium acnes","volume":"57","author":"McDowell","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Med. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McDowell, A., Barnard, E., Nagy, I., Gao, A., Tomida, S., Li, H., Eady, A., Cove, J., Nord, C.E., and Patrick, S. (2012). An expanded multilocus sequence typing scheme for propionibacterium acnes: Investigation of \u2018pathogenic\u2019, \u2018commensal\u2019 and antibiotic resistant strains. PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0041480"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39491","DOI":"10.1038\/srep39491","article-title":"The balance of metagenomic elements shapes the skin microbiome in acne and health","volume":"6","author":"Barnard","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2152","DOI":"10.1038\/jid.2013.21","article-title":"Propionibacterium acnes strain populations in the human skin microbiome associated with acne","volume":"133","author":"Tomida","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lomholt, H.B., and Kilian, M. (2010). Population genetic analysis of Propionibacterium acnes identifies a subpopulation and epidemic clones associated with acne. PLoS ONE, 5.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0012277"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1152","DOI":"10.1111\/bjd.12486","article-title":"Analysis of distribution patterns of Propionibacterium acnes phylotypes and Peptostreptococcus species from acne lesions","volume":"169","author":"Kwon","year":"2013","journal-title":"Br. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anaerobe.2017.04.006","article-title":"A comparative study of Cutibacterium (Propionibacterium) acnes clones from acne patients and healthy controls","volume":"47","author":"Lomholt","year":"2017","journal-title":"Anaerobe"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McDowell, A., Nagy, I., Magyari, M., Barnard, E., and Patrick, S. (2013). The opportunistic pathogen Propionibacterium acnes: Insights into typing, human disease, clonal diversification and CAMP factor evolution. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0070897"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.15043","article-title":"Cutibacterium acnes (Propionibacterium acnes) and acne vulgaris: A brief look at the latest updates","volume":"32","author":"Corvec","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e398","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.14206","article-title":"Propionibacterium acnes phylotypes and acne severity: An observational prospective study","volume":"31","author":"Paugam","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00003-13","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.00003-13","article-title":"Pan-genome and comparative genome analyses of propionibacterium acnes reveal its genomic diversity in the healthy and diseased human skin microbiome","volume":"4","author":"Tomida","year":"2013","journal-title":"mBio"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mayslich, C., Grange, P.A., and Dupin, N. (2021). Cutibacterium acnes as an Opportunistic Pathogen: An Update of Its Virulence-Associated Factors. Microorganisms, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms9020303"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1369","DOI":"10.1099\/mic.0.27788-0","article-title":"CAMP factor homologues in Propionibacterium acnes: A new protein family differentially expressed by types I and II","volume":"151","author":"Valanne","year":"2005","journal-title":"Microbiology"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mayslich, C., Grange, P.A., Castela, M., Marcelin, A.G., Calvez, V., and Dupin, N. (2022). Characterization of a Cutibacterium acnes Camp Factor 1-Related Peptide as a New TLR-2 Modulator in In Vitro and Ex Vivo Models of Inflammation. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23095065"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lheure, C., Grange, P.A., Ollagnier, G., Morand, P., D\u00e9sir\u00e9, N., Sayon, S., Corvec, S., Raingeaud, J., Marcelin, A.G., and Calvez, V. (2016). TLR-2 Recognizes Propionibacterium acnes CAMP Factor 1 from Highly Inflammatory Strains. PLoS ONE, 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0167237"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00023-15","DOI":"10.1128\/mSphere.00023-15","article-title":"Strain-Level Differences in Porphyrin Production and Regulation in Propionibacterium acnes Elucidate Disease Associations","volume":"1","author":"Johnson","year":"2016","journal-title":"mSphere"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00793-19","DOI":"10.1128\/mSphere.00793-19","article-title":"Porphyrin Production and Regulation in Cutaneous Propionibacteria","volume":"5","author":"Barnard","year":"2020","journal-title":"mSphere"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nazipi, S., St\u00f8dkilde-J\u00f8rgensen, K., Scavenius, C., and Br\u00fcggemann, H. (2017). The Skin Bacterium Propionibacterium acnes Employs Two Variants of Hyaluronate Lyase with Distinct Properties. Microorganisms, 5.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms5030057"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bek-Thomsen, M., Lomholt, H.B., Scavenius, C., Enghild, J.J., and Br\u00fcggemann, H. (2014). Proteome analysis of human sebaceous follicle infundibula extracted from healthy and acne-affected skin. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0107908"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00841","DOI":"10.1002\/mbo3.841","article-title":"Adaptation of acneic and non acneic strains of Cutibacterium acnes to sebum-like environment","volume":"8","author":"Borrel","year":"2019","journal-title":"Microbiologyopen"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.13190","article-title":"Understanding innate immunity and inflammation in acne: Implications for management","volume":"29","author":"Gollnick","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6968.2000.tb09337.x","article-title":"Heat shock proteins and inflammatory acne vulgaris: Molecular cloning, overexpression and purification of a propionibacterium acnes GroEL and DnaK homologue","volume":"191","author":"Farrar","year":"2000","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"758749","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2021.758749","article-title":"Comparative Genomic Analyses and CRISPR-Cas Characterization of Cutibacterium acnes Provide Insights Into Genetic Diversity and Typing Applications","volume":"12","author":"Cobian","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"787","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2009.02747.x","article-title":"Biofilm formation by Propionibacterium acnes is a characteristic of invasive isolates","volume":"15","author":"Holmberg","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100063","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bioflm.2021.100063","article-title":"The role of biofilm formation in the pathogenesis and antimicrobial susceptibility of Cutibacterium acnes","volume":"4","author":"Coenye","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biofilm"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.2012.10897.x","article-title":"An increased incidence of Propionibacterium acnes biofilms in acne vulgaris: A case-control study","volume":"167","author":"Jahns","year":"2012","journal-title":"Br. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anaerobe.2017.11.002","article-title":"Developing an in vitro artificial sebum model to study Propionibacterium acnes biofilms","volume":"49","author":"Spittaels","year":"2018","journal-title":"Anaerobe"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3221","DOI":"10.1016\/S0142-9612(03)00173-X","article-title":"Formation of Propionibacterium acnes biofilms on orthopaedic biomaterials and their susceptibility to antimicrobials","volume":"24","author":"Ramage","year":"2003","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anaerobe.2016.10.001","article-title":"Transcriptomic analysis of Propionibacterium acnes biofilms in vitro","volume":"42","author":"Jahns","year":"2016","journal-title":"Anaerobe"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2221","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jid.2016.06.615","article-title":"Different Propionibacterium acnes Phylotypes Induce Distinct Immune Responses and Express Unique Surface and Secreted Proteomes","volume":"136","author":"Yu","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"997","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-3083.2011.04049.x","article-title":"Toll-like receptors and skin","volume":"25","author":"Ermertcan","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2133.2004.05762.x","article-title":"Proinflammatory cytokine production by human keratinocytes stimulated with Propionibacterium acnes and P. acnes GroEL","volume":"150","author":"Graham","year":"2004","journal-title":"Br. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1747.2003.12321.x","article-title":"Inflammatory events are involved in acne lesion initiation","volume":"121","author":"Jeremy","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Karagianni, F., Pavlidis, A., Malakou, L.S., Piperi, C., and Papadavid, E. (2022). Predominant Role of mTOR Signaling in Skin Diseases with Therapeutic Potential. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23031693"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13226","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms13226","article-title":"mTORC1 and mTORC2 regulate skin morphogenesis and epidermal barrier formation","volume":"7","author":"Ding","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1111\/exd.12885","article-title":"Mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) expression is increased in acne patients\u2019 skin","volume":"25","author":"Monfrecola","year":"2016","journal-title":"Exp. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1299","DOI":"10.1111\/bjd.14409","article-title":"Skin expression of mammalian target of rapamycin and forkhead box transcription factor O1, and serum insulin-like growth factor-1 in patients with acne vulgaris and their relationship with diet","volume":"174","author":"Agamia","year":"2016","journal-title":"Br. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30887","DOI":"10.1038\/srep30887","article-title":"Chronic Repression of mTOR Complex 2 Induces Changes in the Gut Microbiota of Diet-induced Obese Mice","volume":"6","author":"Jung","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2018.03.021","article-title":"Gut microbiota and mTOR signaling: Insight on a new pathophysiological interaction","volume":"118","author":"Noureldein","year":"2018","journal-title":"Microb. Pathog."},{"key":"ref_98","first-page":"166","article-title":"Complement fixation in acne vulgaris","volume":"34","author":"Strickle","year":"1916","journal-title":"J. Cutan. Dis."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"962","DOI":"10.1001\/archderm.1930.01440180008002","article-title":"The effect on the skin of emotional and nervous states: III. Theoretical and practical consideration of a gastrointestinal mechanism","volume":"22","author":"Stokes","year":"1930","journal-title":"Arch. Derm. Syphilol."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1159\/000444436","article-title":"Changes of Intestinal Functions in Liver Cirrhosis","volume":"1","author":"Fukui","year":"2016","journal-title":"Inflamm. Intest. Dis."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"538","DOI":"10.2340\/0001555563538540","article-title":"Fibrin microclot formation in patients with acne","volume":"63","author":"Juhlin","year":"1983","journal-title":"Acta Derm. Venereol."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1038\/jid.1955.110","article-title":"Comparative studies of enteric bacterial flora in acne vulgaris","volume":"25","author":"Loveman","year":"1955","journal-title":"J. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_103","first-page":"39","article-title":"Impact of the impaired intestinal microflora on the course of acne vulgaris","volume":"79","author":"Volkova","year":"2001","journal-title":"Klin. Med. (Mosk.)"},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"783","DOI":"10.2340\/00015555-2968","article-title":"Patients with Acne Vulgaris Have a Distinct Gut Microbiota in Comparison with Healthy Controls","volume":"98","author":"Deng","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acta Derm. Venereol."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.5021\/ad.2021.33.6.531","article-title":"Gender-Specific Differences in Gut Microbiota Composition Associated with Microbial Metabolites for Patients with Acne Vulgaris","volume":"33","author":"Huang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bali\u0107, A., Vla\u0161i\u0107, D., \u017du\u017eul, K., Marinovi\u0107, B., and Bukvi\u0107 Mokos, Z. (2020). Omega-3 Versus Omega-6 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in the Prevention and Treatment of Inflammatory Skin Diseases. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21030741"},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"855","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jid.2016.11.014","article-title":"The short-chain fatty acid sodium butyrate functions as a regulator of the skin immune system","volume":"137","author":"Schwarz","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1166","DOI":"10.1111\/1346-8138.14586","article-title":"Gut microbiota alterations in moderate to severe acne vulgaris patients","volume":"45","author":"Yan","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1065","DOI":"10.1007\/s12272-012-0614-9","article-title":"In vitro evaluation of antibacterial activities and anti-inflammatory effects of Bifidobacterium spp. addressing acne vulgaris","volume":"35","author":"Lee","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arch. Pharm. Res."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.5021\/ad.2020.32.1.21","article-title":"Minocycline and Its Impact on Microbial Dysbiosis in the Skin and Gastrointestinal Tract of Acne Patients","volume":"32","author":"Thompson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"934","DOI":"10.1080\/09546634.2020.1720583","article-title":"Impact of lifestyle and demographics on the gut microbiota of acne patients and the response to minocycline","volume":"32","author":"Rainer","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Dermatol. Treat."},{"key":"ref_112","first-page":"868","article-title":"Inhibition of propionibacterium acnes by bacteriocin-like inhibitory substances (BLIS) produced by Streptococcus salivarius","volume":"5","author":"Bowe","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Drugs Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1184","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2005.08.008","article-title":"Effect of bacteriocin produced by Lactococcus sp. HY 449 on skin-inflammatory bacteria","volume":"44","author":"Oh","year":"2006","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S78","DOI":"10.1097\/MCG.0000000000001053","article-title":"New Approach in Acne Therapy: A Specific Bacteriocin Activity and a Targeted Anti IL-8 Property in Just 1 Probiotic Strain, the L. salivarius LS03","volume":"52","author":"Deidda","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Clin. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-013-5394-8","article-title":"Staphylococcus epidermidis in the human skin microbiome mediates fermentation to inhibit the growth of Propionibacterium acnes: Implications of probiotics in acne vulgaris","volume":"98","author":"Wang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4163","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00188-08","article-title":"The commensal Streptococcus salivarius K12 downregulates the innate immune responses of human epithelial cells and promotes host-microbe homeostasis","volume":"76","author":"Cosseau","year":"2008","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_117","first-page":"731","article-title":"Lactobacillus paracasei CNCM I-2116 (ST11) inhibits substance P-induced skin inflammation and accelerates skin barrier function recovery in vitro","volume":"20","author":"Gueniche","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-2494.2007.00378.x","article-title":"Anti-microbial and -inflammatory activity and efficacy of phytosphingosine: An in vitro and in vivo study addressing acne vulgaris","volume":"29","author":"Pavicic","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. J. Cosmet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1747.1999.00633.x","article-title":"Effect of the lactic acid bacterium Streptococcus thermophilus on ceramide levels in human keratinocytes in vitro and stratum corneum in vivo","volume":"113","author":"Cinque","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-2494.2009.00555.x","article-title":"Effect of konjac glucomannan hydrolysates and probiotics on the growth of the skin bacterium Propionibacterium acnes in vitro","volume":"32","author":"Tester","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Cosmet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1111\/jam.13349","article-title":"Topical application of probiotics in skin: Adhesion, antimicrobial and antibiofilm in vitro assays","volume":"122","author":"Lopes","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.52586\/E881","article-title":"Antimicrobial activity of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum APsulloc 331261 and APsulloc 331266 against pathogenic skin microbiota","volume":"13","author":"Chae","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Biosci. (Elite Ed.)"},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Espinoza-Monje, M., Campos, J., Alvarez Villamil, E., Jerez, A., Dentice Maidana, S., Elean, M., Salva, S., Kitazawa, H., Villena, J., and Garc\u00eda-Cancino, A. (2021). Characterization of Weissella viridescens UCO-SMC3 as a Potential Probiotic for the Skin: Its Beneficial Role in the Pathogenesis of Acne Vulgaris. Microorganisms, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms9071486"},{"key":"ref_124","first-page":"52","article-title":"Lactobacillus for the control of acne","volume":"59","author":"Siver","year":"1961","journal-title":"J. Med. Soc. N. J."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"902","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nut.2010.05.011","article-title":"Dietary effect of lactoferrin-enriched fermented milk on skin surface lipid and clinical improvement of acne vulgaris","volume":"26","author":"Kim","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nutrition"},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e14483","DOI":"10.1111\/dth.14483","article-title":"Influence of lactoferrin on Propionibacterium acnes-induced inflammation in vitro and in vivo","volume":"33","author":"Su","year":"2020","journal-title":"Dermatol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.2310\/7750.2012.12026","article-title":"Prospective, randomized, open-label trial comparing the safety, efficacy, and tolerability of an acne treatment regimen with and without a probiotic supplement and minocycline in subjects with mild to moderate acne","volume":"17","author":"Jung","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Cutan. Med. Surg."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.3920\/BM2016.0089","article-title":"Supplementation with Lactobacillus rhamnosus SP1 normalises skin expression of genes implicated in insulin signalling and improves adult acne","volume":"7","author":"Fabbrocini","year":"2016","journal-title":"Benef. Microbes"},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3249","DOI":"10.3889\/oamjms.2019.718","article-title":"The Effect of Oral Probiotic on the Interleukin-10 Serum Levels of Acne Vulgaris","volume":"7","author":"Rahmayani","year":"2019","journal-title":"Open Access Maced. J. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1038\/nri2711","article-title":"The regulation of IL-10 production by immune cells","volume":"10","author":"Saraiva","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"866","DOI":"10.23736\/S0392-0488.18.05710-3","article-title":"Novel combination for the treatment of acne differentiated based on gender: A new step towards personalized treatment","volume":"153","author":"Tolino","year":"2018","journal-title":"G. Ital. Dermatol. Venereol."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5415","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v22.i23.5415","article-title":"Intestinal-borne dermatoses significantly improved by oral application of Escherichia coli Nissle 1917","volume":"22","author":"Manzhalii","year":"2016","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1007\/s13555-021-00664-z","article-title":"Facial Acne: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study on the Clinical Efficacy of a Symbiotic Dietary Supplement","volume":"12","author":"Rinaldi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Dermatol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Habeebuddin, M., Karnati, R.K., Shiroorkar, P.N., Nagaraja, S., Asdaq, S.M.B., Khalid Anwer, M., and Fattepur, S. (2022). Topical Probiotics: More Than a Skin Deep. Pharmaceutics, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics14030557"},{"key":"ref_135","first-page":"688","article-title":"Topical bacteriotherapy of the skin","volume":"30","author":"Peyri","year":"1912","journal-title":"J. Cutan. Dis."},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1691","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9440(10)62479-0","article-title":"Inflammation and extracellular matrix degradation mediated by activated transcription factors nuclear factor-kappaB and activator protein-1 in inflammatory acne lesions in vivo","volume":"166","author":"Kang","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_137","unstructured":"(2022, May 03). AOBiome Therapeutics. Available online: https:\/\/www.aobiome.com\/pressreleases\/aobiome-therapeutics-reports-positive-efficacy-results-from-phase-2b-clinical-trial-of-ammonia-oxidizing-bacteria-aob-for-the-treatment-of-acne-vulgaris."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sathikulpakdee, S., Kanokrungsee, S., Vitheejongjaroen, P., Kamanamool, N., Udompataikul, M., and Taweechotipatr, M. (J. Cosmet. Dermatol., 2022). Efficacy of probiotic-derived lotion from Lactobacillus paracasei MSMC 39-1 in mild to moderate acne vulgaris, randomized controlled trial, J. Cosmet. Dermatol., in press.","DOI":"10.1111\/jocd.14971"},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"672","DOI":"10.1111\/ijd.15390","article-title":"Diet and acne: Review of the evidence from 2009 to 2020","volume":"60","author":"Nasca","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2016.02.1220","article-title":"Dietary glycemic factors, insulin resistance, and adiponectin levels in acne vulgaris","volume":"75","author":"Altunay","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1286","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.jid.5701155","article-title":"IGF-1 induces SREBP-1 expression and lipogenesis in SEB-1 sebocytes via activation of the phosphoinositide 3-kinase\/Akt pathway","volume":"128","author":"Smith","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1038\/nrm3522","article-title":"Amino acid signalling upstream of mTOR","volume":"14","author":"Jewell","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell. Biol."},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.4161\/derm.19828","article-title":"Dietary intervention in acne: Attenuation of increased mTORC1 signaling promoted by Western diet","volume":"4","author":"Melnik","year":"2012","journal-title":"Dermatoendocrinology"},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1038\/s41575-018-0061-2","article-title":"You are what you eat: Diet, health and the gut microbiota","volume":"16","author":"Zmora","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-immunol-093019-112348","article-title":"Control of Immunity by the Microbiota","volume":"39","author":"Ansaldo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Immunol."}],"container-title":["Microorganisms"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2607\/10\/7\/1303\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T23:39:14Z","timestamp":1760139554000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2607\/10\/7\/1303"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,27]]},"references-count":145,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7]]}},"alternative-id":["microorganisms10071303"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/microorganisms10071303","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-2607"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-2607","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,27]]}}}