{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T14:05:45Z","timestamp":1790949945527,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,18]],"date-time":"2022-07-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1658102400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Croatian Science Foundation","award":["IP-2016-06-7456"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IP-2016-06-7456"]}]},{"name":"Croatian Science Foundation","award":["653316"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["653316"]}]},{"name":"the European Union\u2019s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme","award":["IP-2016-06-7456"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IP-2016-06-7456"]}]},{"name":"the European Union\u2019s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme","award":["653316"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["653316"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Tahyna orthobunyavirus (TAHV) is widely distributed in continental Europe. Very few studies have analyzed TAHV seroprevalence in Croatia. We analyzed the prevalence of TAHV RNA and antibodies in Croatian patients with neuroinvasive disease (NID). Methods: A total of 218 patients with unsolved NID detected during five consecutive arbovirus transmission seasons (April 2017\u2013October 2021) were tested. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and urine samples were tested for TAHV RNA using RT-PCR. In addition, CSF and serum samples were tested for TAHV antibodies using a virus neutralization test (VNT). Results: Clinical presentations in patients with NID were meningitis (141\/64.7%), meningoencephalitis (56\/25.7%), myelitis (8\/3.7%), and \u2018febrile headache\u2019 (13\/5.9%). TAHV RNA was not detected in any of the tested CSF or urine samples; however, TAHV-neutralizing (NT) antibodies were detected in 22\/10.1% of patients. Detection of NT antibodies in the CSF of two patients presenting with meningitis suggested recent TAHV infection. TAHV seropositivity increased significantly with age, from 1.8% to 24.4%. There was no difference in seroprevalence between genders or areas of residence (urban, suburban\/rural). The majority of seropositive patients (90.9%) resided in floodplains along the rivers in continental Croatia. Conclusions: The presented results confirm that TAHV is present in Croatia. The prevalence and clinical significance of TAHV infection in the Croatian population have yet to be determined.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms10071443","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,18]],"date-time":"2022-07-18T01:53:22Z","timestamp":1658109202000},"page":"1443","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Detection of Tahyna Orthobunyavirus-Neutralizing Antibodies in Patients with Neuroinvasive Disease in Croatia"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1877-5547","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tatjana","family":"Vilibic-Cavlek","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Virology, Croatian Institute of Public Health, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"},{"name":"School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vladimir","family":"Stevanovic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases with Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0398-5346","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vladimir","family":"Savic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Poultry Center, Croatian Veterinary Institute, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Domagoj","family":"Markelic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Virology, Croatian Institute of Public Health, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dario","family":"Sabadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Clinical Hospital Center Osijek, 31000 Osijek, Croatia"},{"name":"Medical Faculty, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, 31000 Osijek, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maja","family":"Bogdanic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Virology, Croatian Institute of Public Health, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Snjezana","family":"Kovac","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases with Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8492-1418","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marija","family":"Santini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"},{"name":"Department for Adult Intensive Care and Neuroinfections, University Hospital for Infectious Diseases \u201cDr Fran Mihaljevic\u201d, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2518-522X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Irena","family":"Tabain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Virology, Croatian Institute of Public Health, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tanja","family":"Potocnik-Hunjadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, General Hospital Varazdin, 42000 Varazdin, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9285-9052","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ivana","family":"Ferencak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Virology, Croatian Institute of Public Health, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ana Marija","family":"Skoda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Virology, Croatian Institute of Public Health, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ana","family":"Sankovic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5170-947X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ljubo","family":"Barbic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases with Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"ICTV (2022, May 18). Genus: Orthobunyavirus. Available online: https:\/\/talk.ictvonline.org\/ictv-reports\/ictv_online_report\/negative-sense-rna-viruses\/w\/peribunyaviridae\/1238\/genus-orthobunyavirus."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"264","article-title":"The Tahyna virus\u2014A virus isolated from mosquitoes in Czechoslovakia","volume":"3","author":"Bardos","year":"1959","journal-title":"J. Hyg. Epidemiol. Microbiol. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-021-05061-1","article-title":"The transmission ecology of Tahyna orthobunyavirus in Austria as revealed by longitudinal mosquito sampling and blood meal analysis in floodplain habitats","volume":"14","author":"Camp","year":"2021","journal-title":"Parasites Vectors"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S29","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-008-1064-7","article-title":"Mosquito-borne viruses in Europe","volume":"103","year":"2008","journal-title":"Parasitol. Res."},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"112","article-title":"Antibodies against mosquito-borne viruses in human population of an area of Central Bohemia affected by the flood of 2002","volume":"53","author":"Hubalek","year":"2004","journal-title":"Epidemiol. Mikrobiol. Imunol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1264","DOI":"10.1603\/ME14046","article-title":"Isolation of Tahyna Virus (California Encephalitis Group) From Anopheles hyrcanus (Diptera, Culicidae), a Mosquito Species New to, and Expanding in, Central Europe","volume":"51","author":"Hubalek","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Med. Entomol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1111\/zph.12457","article-title":"Serological surveillance for Tahyna virus (California encephalitis orthobunyavirus, Peribunyaviridae) neutralizing antibodies in wild ungulates in Austria, Hungary and Romania","volume":"65","author":"Camp","year":"2018","journal-title":"Zoonoses Public Health"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1172","DOI":"10.1099\/jgv.0.001125","article-title":"Emerging arboviruses of clinical importance in Central Asia","volume":"99","author":"Atkinson","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"987","article-title":"Prevalence of arbovirus antibodies in sera of animals in Sri Lanka","volume":"61","author":"Sixl","year":"1983","journal-title":"Bull. World Health Organ."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1991.45.377","article-title":"A serologic study of California serogroup bunyaviruses in Sri Lanka","volume":"45","author":"Arunagiri","year":"1991","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1502.080722","article-title":"Tahyna virus and human infection, China","volume":"15","author":"Lu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2013.1351","article-title":"Tahyna virus infection, a neglected arboviral disease in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau of China","volume":"14","author":"Li","year":"2014","journal-title":"Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-422X-8-135","article-title":"Tahyna virus genetics, infectivity, and immunogenicity in mice and monkeys","volume":"8","author":"Bennett","year":"2011","journal-title":"Virol. J."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1101.040444","article-title":"Mosquitoborne viruses, Czech Republic, 2002","volume":"11","author":"Zeman","year":"2005","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1007\/s12250-018-0002-9","article-title":"Mosquito-Associated Viruses in China","volume":"33","author":"Xia","year":"2018","journal-title":"Virol. Sin."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hub\u00e1lek, Z. (2021). History of Arbovirus Research in the Czech Republic. Viruses, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/v13112334"},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"Vesenjak-Hirjan, J. (1980). Occurrence of arboviruses in the Middle and the South Adriatic (Yugoslavia). Arboviruses in the Mediterranean Countries, Gustav Fischer Verlag."},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"87","article-title":"Arboviruses in Croatia","volume":"52","author":"Brudnjak","year":"1998","journal-title":"Acta Med. Croat."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101513","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2020.101513","article-title":"Tick-borne encephalitis outbreak following raw goat milk consumption in a new micro-location, Croatia, June 2019","volume":"11","author":"Ilic","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ticks Tick-Borne Dis."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1946","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.13225","article-title":"Prevalence and molecular epidemiology of West Nile and Usutu virus infections in Croatia in the \u201cOne health\u201d context, 2018","volume":"66","author":"Savic","year":"2019","journal-title":"Transbound. Emerg. Dis."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vilibic-Cavlek, T., Zidovec-Lepej, S., Ledina, D., Knezevic, S., Savic, V., Tabain, I., Ivic, I., Slavuljica, I., Bogdanic, M., and Grgic, I. (2020). Clinical, virological and immunological findings in patients with Toscana neuroinvasive disease in Croatia: Report of three cases. Trop. Med. Infect. Dis., 5.","DOI":"10.3390\/tropicalmed5030144"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vilibic-Cavlek, T., Savic, V., Klobucar, A., Ferenc, T., Ilic, M., Bogdanic, M., Tabain, I., Stevanovic, V., Santini, M., and Curman Posavec, M. (2021). Emerging Trends in the West Nile Virus Epidemiology in Croatia in the \u2018One Health\u2019 Context, 2011\u20132020. Trop. Med. Infect. Dis., 6.","DOI":"10.3390\/tropicalmed6030140"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vilibic-Cavlek, T., Barbic, L., Mrzljak, A., Brnic, D., Klobucar, A., Ilic, M., Janev-Holcer, N., Bogdanic, M., Jemersic, L., and Stevanovic, V. (2021). Emerging and Neglected Viruses of Zoonotic Importance in Croatia. Pathogens, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens10010073"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E200","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2012.03840.x","article-title":"Prevalence of Toscana virus antibodies in residents of Croatia","volume":"18","author":"Mohar","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"Vesenjak-Hirjan, J. (1980). Island of Bra\u010d\u2014Focus of arbovirus infections. Arboviruses in the Mediterranean Countries, Gustav Fischer Verlag."},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"Vesenjak-Hirjan, J. (1980). Arboviruses in Yugoslavia. Arboviruses in the Mediterranean Countries, Gustav Fischer Verlag."},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"89","article-title":"Sandfly fever epidemiology in Croatia","volume":"41","author":"Punda","year":"1987","journal-title":"Acta Med. Iugosl."},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"World Rivers (2022, May 10). Rivers of Croatia. Available online: https:\/\/worldrivers.net\/2018\/03\/07\/rivers-of-croatia\/."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1016\/S1386-6532(02)00168-3","article-title":"Development of a quantitative real-time RT-PCR assay with internal control for the laboratory detection of tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) RNA","volume":"27","author":"Schwaiger","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Clin. Virol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2006.02.008","article-title":"Highly sensitive TaqMan RT-PCR assay for detection and quantification of both lineages of West Nile virus RNA","volume":"36","author":"Tang","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Clin. Virol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jviromet.2013.08.039","article-title":"Development of a Usutu virus specific real-time reverse transcription PCR assay based on sequenced strains from Africa and Europe","volume":"197","author":"Nikolay","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Virol. Methods"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2007.10.001","article-title":"Rapid detection of important human pathogenic Phleboviruses","volume":"41","author":"Weidmann","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Clin. Virol."},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"374","article-title":"Real-time RT-PCR Assay for the detection of Tahyna Virus","volume":"28","author":"Li","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biomed. Environ. Sci."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3719","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02845-12","article-title":"Characterization of the Bhanja serogroup viruses (Bunyaviridae): A novel species of the genus Phlebovirus and its relationship with other emerging tick-borne phleboviruses","volume":"87","author":"Matsuno","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"501","article-title":"The presence of antibodies neutralizing Tahyna virus in the sera of inhabitants of some European, Asian, African and Australian countries","volume":"5","author":"Bardos","year":"1961","journal-title":"J. Hyg. Epidemiol. Microbiol. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"55","article-title":"Serologic examination of human population in South Moravia (Czechoslovakia) on the presence of antibodies to arboviruses of the Alfavirus, Flavivirus, Turlock groups and Bunyamwera supergroup","volume":"26","author":"Kolman","year":"1979","journal-title":"Folia Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"315","article-title":"Presence of viruse-neutralizing antibodies of the Tahyna virus in the inhabitants of North Moravia","volume":"19","author":"Heinz","year":"1972","journal-title":"Folia Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_38","first-page":"91","article-title":"Surveillance of mosquito-borne viruses in Breclav after the flood of 1997","volume":"48","author":"Halouzka","year":"1999","journal-title":"Epidemiol. Mikrobiol. Imunol."},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"15","article-title":"Medically important araboviruses in Slovenia","volume":"64","year":"1995","journal-title":"Zdrav. Vestn."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1078","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2006.74.1078","article-title":"Seroprevalence and distribution of Flaviviridae, Togaviridae, and Bunyaviridae arboviral infections in rural Cameroonian adults","volume":"74","author":"Kuniholm","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_41","first-page":"71","article-title":"Investigation of Tahyna virus infection among unknown fever cases in Xinjiang, China","volume":"27","author":"Lv","year":"2011","journal-title":"Bing Du Xue Bao"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"794","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.15-0622","article-title":"The Presence and Seroprevalence of Arthropod-Borne Viruses in Nasiriyah Governorate, Southern Iraq: A Cross-Sectional Study","volume":"94","author":"Barakat","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_43","unstructured":"Arbovirus Surveillance Project (2022, May 05). Institut Pasteur du Laos. Available online: https:\/\/www.pasteur.la\/project-carried-on-in-the-lab-2016-2017-lao-fr1\/research-and-development\/."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2013.1360","article-title":"Investigations on California serogroup orthobunyaviruses in the Tyrols: First description of Tahyna virus in the Alps","volume":"14","author":"Sonnleitner","year":"2014","journal-title":"Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis."},{"key":"ref_45","first-page":"190","article-title":"The potentials for the comprehensive diagnosis of viral encephalitis in Sverdlovsk Province","volume":"39","author":"Glinskikh","year":"1994","journal-title":"Vopr. Virusol."},{"key":"ref_46","first-page":"106","article-title":"Micromodification of virus-neutralisation assay with vital staining in 96-well plate and its use in diagnostics of Tahyna virus infections","volume":"57","author":"Januska","year":"2008","journal-title":"Epidemiol. Mikrobiol. Imunol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"678","DOI":"10.2478\/s11756-011-0073-7","article-title":"The flight distances of floodwater mosquitoes (Aedes vexans, Ochlerotatus sticticus and Ochlerotatus caspius) in Osijek, Eastern Croatia","volume":"66","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biologia"},{"key":"ref_48","unstructured":"European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control and European Food Safety Authority (2022, June 02). Mosquito Maps [Internet]. Stockholm: ECDC. Available online: https:\/\/ecdc.europa.eu\/en\/disease-vectors\/surveillance-and-disease-data\/mosquito-maps."},{"key":"ref_49","first-page":"275","article-title":"Population dynamic of Aedes vexans and Ochlerotatus sticticus in flooded areas of the River Drava in Osijek, Croatia","volume":"17","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Am. Mosq. Control Assoc."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16424","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-95757-2","article-title":"Cross reactivity of neutralizing antibodies to the encephalitic California Serogroup orthobunyaviruses varies by virus and genetic relatedness","volume":"11","author":"Evans","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"780","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(84)90018-X","article-title":"Serological evidence of infection with California serogroup viruses (family Bunyaviridae) in residents of Long Hua, suburb of Shanghai, People\u2019s Republic of China","volume":"78","author":"Gu","year":"1984","journal-title":"Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg."}],"container-title":["Microorganisms"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2607\/10\/7\/1443\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T23:52:39Z","timestamp":1760140359000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2607\/10\/7\/1443"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,18]]},"references-count":51,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7]]}},"alternative-id":["microorganisms10071443"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/microorganisms10071443","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-2607"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-2607","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,18]]}}}