{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,27]],"date-time":"2026-09-27T14:42:37Z","timestamp":1790520157955,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":85,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,25]],"date-time":"2022-07-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1658707200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Mobile colistin resistance (mcr) genes (mcr-1 to mcr-10) threaten the efficacy of colistin (COL), a polymyxin antibiotic that is used as a last-line agent for the treatment of deadly infections caused by multidrug-resistant and extensively drug-resistant bacteria in humans and animals. COL has been used for more than 60 years for the prophylactic control and treatment of infections in livestock husbandry but not in horses. Polymyxin B is used for the prophylactic control and empirical treatment of infections in horses without conducting sensitivity tests. The lack of sensitivity testing exerts selection pressure for the acquisition of the mcr gene. By horizontal transfer, mcr-1, mcr-5, and mcr-9 have disseminated among horse populations globally and are harbored by Escherichia coli, Klebsiella, Enterobacter, Citrobacter, and Salmonella species. Conjugative plasmids, insertion sequences, and transposons are the backbone of mcr genes in the isolates, which co-express genes conferring multi- to extensive-drug resistance, including genes encoding extended-spectrum \u03b2-lactamase, ampicillinase C, fosfomycin, and fluoroquinolone resistance, and virulence genes. The transmission of mcr genes to\/among bacterial strains of equine origin is non-clonal. Contact with horses, horse manure, feed\/drinking water, farmers, farmers\u2019 clothing\/farm equipment, the consumption of contaminated horse meat and its associated products, and the trading of horses, horse meat, and their associated products are routes for the transmission of mcr-gene-bearing bacteria in, to, and from the equine industry.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms10081499","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,25]],"date-time":"2022-07-25T21:20:59Z","timestamp":1658784059000},"page":"1499","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Epidemiology and Traits of Mobile Colistin Resistance (mcr) Gene-Bearing Organisms from Horses"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2754-103X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Madubuike Umunna","family":"Anyanwu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Microbiology Unit, Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nigeria, Nsukka 400001, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9310-6511","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ishmael Festus","family":"Jaja","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agriculture and Animal Health, Florida Campus, University of South Africa, Johannesburg 1709, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Obichukwu Chisom","family":"Nwobi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, University of Nigeria, Nsukka 400001, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anthony Christian","family":"Mgbeahuruike","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microbiology Unit, Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nigeria, Nsukka 400001, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chinaza Nnenna","family":"Ikpendu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike 440101, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9485-6077","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nnenna Audrey","family":"Okafor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, University of Nigeria, Nsukka 400001, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6810-4437","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"James Wabwire","family":"Oguttu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agriculture and Animal Health, Florida Campus, University of South Africa, Johannesburg 1709, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)02724-0","article-title":"Global Burden of Bacterial Antimicrobial Resistance in 2019: A Systematic Analysis","volume":"399","author":"Murray","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kakoullis, L., Papachristodoulou, E., Chra, P., and Panos, G. 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