{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,22]],"date-time":"2026-04-22T08:14:45Z","timestamp":1776845685545,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,30]],"date-time":"2022-07-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1659139200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment","award":["1322-709"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1322-709"]}]},{"name":"German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment","award":["91693043"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["91693043"]}]},{"name":"International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI)","award":["1322-709"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1322-709"]}]},{"name":"International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI)","award":["91693043"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["91693043"]}]},{"name":"The German Academic Exchange Service (DAAD)","award":["1322-709"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1322-709"]}]},{"name":"The German Academic Exchange Service (DAAD)","award":["91693043"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["91693043"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Brucellosis, Q fever, and leptospirosis are priority zoonoses worldwide, yet their epidemiology is understudied, and studies investigating multiple pathogens are scarce. Therefore, we selected 316 small ruminants in irrigated, pastoral, and riverine settings in Tana River County and conducted repeated sampling for animals that were initially seronegative between September 2014 and June 2015. We carried out serological and polymerase chain reaction tests and determined risk factors for exposure. The survey-weighted serological incidence rates were 1.8 (95% confidence intervals [CI]: 1.3\u20132.5) and 1.3 (95% CI: 0.7\u20132.3) cases per 100 animal-months at risk for Leptospira spp. and C. burnetii, respectively. We observed no seroconversions for Brucella spp. Animals from the irrigated setting had 6.83 (95% CI: 2.58\u201318.06, p-value = 0.01) higher odds of seropositivity to C. burnetii than those from riverine settings. Considerable co-exposure of animals to more than one zoonosis was also observed, with animals exposed to one zoonosis generally having 2.5 times higher odds of exposure to a second zoonosis. The higher incidence of C. burnetii and Leptospira spp. infections, which are understudied zoonoses in Kenya compared to Brucella spp., demonstrate the need for systematic prioritization of animal diseases to enable the appropriate allocation of resources.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms10081546","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,1]],"date-time":"2022-08-01T04:04:00Z","timestamp":1659326640000},"page":"1546","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Longitudinal Study of Selected Bacterial Zoonoses in Small Ruminants in Tana River County, Kenya"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4938-2543","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martin","family":"Wainaina","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, 12277 Berlin, Germany"},{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin, 14163 Berlin, Germany"},{"name":"Animal & Human Health Program, International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi 00100, Kenya"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1175-0398","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Johanna F.","family":"Lindahl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal & Human Health Program, International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi 00100, Kenya"},{"name":"Zoonosis Science Center, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, 75237 Uppsala, Sweden"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 75007 Uppsala, Sweden"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9270-2680","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ian","family":"Dohoo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Veterinary Epidemiologic Research, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PE C1A 4P3, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anne","family":"Mayer-Scholl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, 12277 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kristina","family":"Roesel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin, 14163 Berlin, Germany"},{"name":"Animal & Human Health Program, International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi 00100, Kenya"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Deborah","family":"Mbotha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin, 14163 Berlin, Germany"},{"name":"Animal & Human Health Program, International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi 00100, Kenya"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6268-5207","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Uwe","family":"Roesler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Animal Hygiene and Environmental Health, Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin, 14163 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0195-9489","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Delia","family":"Grace","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal & Human Health Program, International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi 00100, Kenya"},{"name":"Natural Resources Institute, University of Greenwich, Kent ME4 4TB, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bernard","family":"Bett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal & Human Health Program, International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi 00100, Kenya"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3835-0818","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sascha","family":"Al Dahouk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, 12277 Berlin, Germany"},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, 52074 Aachen, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wainaina, M., Vey da Silva, D.A., Dohoo, I., Mayer-Scholl, A., Roesel, K., Hofreuter, D., Roesler, U., Lindahl, J., Bett, B., and Al Dahouk, S. 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