{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,28]],"date-time":"2026-03-28T16:03:03Z","timestamp":1774713783605,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,4]],"date-time":"2022-08-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1659571200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Vasculitis Foundation USA","award":["2018\u201302551"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018\u201302551"]}]},{"name":"Swedish Research Council","award":["2018\u201302551"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018\u201302551"]}]},{"name":"King Gustaf V\u2019s 80-Year Fund","award":["2018\u201302551"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018\u201302551"]}]},{"name":"Swedish Rheumatism Association","award":["2018\u201302551"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018\u201302551"]}]},{"name":"Ume\u00e5 University","award":["2018\u201302551"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018\u201302551"]}]},{"name":"V\u00e4sterbotten County Council (ALF)","award":["2018\u201302551"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018\u201302551"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Microbiota has been associated with autoimmune diseases, with nasal Staphylococcus aureus being implicated in the pathogenesis of anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody\u2013associated vasculitis (AAV). Little is known about the role of oral microbiota in AAV. In this study, levels of IgG antibodies to 53 oral bacterial species\/subspecies were screened using immunoblotting in plasma\/serum in pre-symptomatic AAV-individuals (n = 85), matched controls, and established AAV-patients (n = 78). Saliva microbiota from acute-AAV and controls was sequenced from 16s rDNA amplicons. Information on dental status was extracted from a national register. IgG levels against oral bacteria were lower in established AAV versus pre-AAV and controls. Specifically, pre-AAV samples had, compared to controls, a higher abundance of periodontitis-associated species paralleling more signs of periodontitis in established AAV-patients than controls. Saliva microbiota in acute-AAV showed higher within-sample diversity but fewer detectable amplicon-sequence variants and taxa in their core microbiota than controls. Acute-AAV was not associated with increased abundance of periodontal bacteria but species in, e.g., Arthrospira, Staphylococcus, Lactobacillus, and Scardovia. In conclusion, the IgG profiles against oral bacteria differed between pre-AAV, established AAV, and controls, and microbiota profiles between acute AAV and controls. The IgG shift from a pre-symptomatic stage to established disease cooccurred with treatment of immunosuppression and\/or antibiotics.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms10081572","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,5]],"date-time":"2022-08-05T02:12:39Z","timestamp":1659665559000},"page":"1572","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Oral Microbiota Profile in Patients with Anti-Neutrophil Cytoplasmic Antibody\u2013Associated Vasculitis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4430-8125","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anders","family":"Esberg","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Odontology, Ume\u00e5 University, 901 87 Ume\u00e5, Sweden"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Linda","family":"Johansson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine\/Rheumatology, Ume\u00e5 University, 901 85 Ume\u00e5, Sweden"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ewa","family":"Berglin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine\/Rheumatology, Ume\u00e5 University, 901 85 Ume\u00e5, Sweden"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Aladdin J.","family":"Mohammad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences\/Rheumatology, Lund University, 221 00 Lund, Sweden"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0SP, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1938-0707","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andreas P.","family":"Jonsson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Ume\u00e5 University, 901 85 Ume\u00e5, Sweden"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6283-644X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Johanna","family":"Dahlqvist","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Sciences\/Rheumatology, Uppsala University, 751 85 Uppsala, Sweden"},{"name":"Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, 752 37 Uppsala, Sweden"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2694-7035","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bernd","family":"Stegmayr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Ume\u00e5 University, 901 85 Ume\u00e5, Sweden"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9227-8434","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ingegerd","family":"Johansson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Odontology, Ume\u00e5 University, 901 87 Ume\u00e5, Sweden"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8259-3863","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Solbritt","family":"Rantap\u00e4\u00e4-Dahlqvist","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine\/Rheumatology, Ume\u00e5 University, 901 85 Ume\u00e5, Sweden"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"804","DOI":"10.1038\/nature06244","article-title":"The human microbiome project","volume":"449","author":"Turnbaugh","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1038\/nature11551","article-title":"Reciprocal interactions of the intestinal microbiota and immune system","volume":"489","author":"Maynard","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101473","DOI":"10.1016\/j.berh.2019.101473","article-title":"The microbiome in autoimmune rheumatic disease","volume":"34","author":"Konig","year":"2020","journal-title":"Best Pract. Res. Clin. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s12328-017-0813-5","article-title":"Gut microbiota in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"11","author":"Nishida","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1097\/BOR.0000000000000758","article-title":"An update on the microbiome in vasculitis","volume":"33","author":"Tariq","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-020-0204-y","article-title":"ANCA-associated vasculitis","volume":"6","author":"Kitching","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Dis. Primers"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2018.10.005","article-title":"Changes in the composition of the upper respiratory tract microbial community in granulomatosis with polyangiitis","volume":"97","author":"Lamprecht","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Autoimmun."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1448","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2018-213645","article-title":"Characterisation of the nasal microbiota in granulomatosis with polyangiitis","volume":"77","author":"Rhee","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann. Rheum. Dis."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-019-0753-z","article-title":"The composition and functional protein subsystems of the human nasal microbiome in granulomatosis with polyangiitis: A pilot study","volume":"7","author":"Wagner","year":"2019","journal-title":"Microbiome"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"692","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.2008.110445","article-title":"Pulmonary infection in Wegener granulomatosis and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis","volume":"64","author":"Richter","year":"2009","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9466","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-66178-4","article-title":"Comparison of lung microbiota between antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody\u2013associated vasculitis and sarcoidosis","volume":"10","author":"Fukui","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2018.03.003","article-title":"Gut microbiota dysbiosis is associated with Henoch-Sch\u00f6nlein Purpura in children","volume":"58","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2018.10.017","article-title":"Oral microbiota dysbiosis and its association with Henoch-Sch\u00f6nlein Purpura in children","volume":"65","author":"Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-120-1-199401010-00003","article-title":"Association of chronic nasal carriage of Staphylococcus aureus and higher relapse rates in Wegener granulomatosis","volume":"120","author":"Stegeman","year":"1994","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"51","article-title":"Nasal carriage of Staphylococcus aureus and endonasal activity in Wegener s granulomatosis as compared to rheumatoid arthritis and chronic Rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps","volume":"28","author":"Laudien","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3392","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-11255-0","article-title":"A plasmid-encoded peptide from Staphylococcus aureus induces anti-myeloperoxidase nephritogenic autoimmunity","volume":"10","author":"Ooi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1097\/BOR.0000000000000508","article-title":"Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole and antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies-associated vasculitis","volume":"30","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.1097\/BOR.0000000000000068","article-title":"Infectious triggers for vasculitis","volume":"26","author":"Heeringa","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Willmann, M., Vehreschild, M., Biehl, L.M., Vogel, W., D\u00f6rfel, D., Hamprecht, A., Seifert, H., Autenrieth, I.B., and Peter, S. (2019). Distinct impact of antibiotics on the gut microbiome and resistome: A longitudinal multicenter cohort study. BMC Biol., 17.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12915-019-0692-y"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Atherly, T., Rossi, G., White, R., Seo, Y.J., Wang, C., Ackermann, M., Breuer, M., Allenspach, K., Mochel, J.P., and Jergens, A.E. (2019). Glucocorticoid and dietary effects on mucosal microbiota in canine inflammatory bowel disease. PLoS ONE, 14.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0226780"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1038\/nature09074","article-title":"Staphylococcus epidermidis Esp inhibits Staphylococcus aureus biofilm formation and nasal colonization","volume":"465","author":"Iwase","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1038\/s41584-020-0395-3","article-title":"Pharmacomicrobiomics in inflammatory arthritis: Gut microbiome as modulator of therapeutic response","volume":"16","author":"Scher","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"895","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.3914","article-title":"The oral and gut microbiomes are perturbed in rheumatoid arthritis and partly normalized after treatment","volume":"21","author":"Zhang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.2006.054593","article-title":"Development and validation of a consensus methodology for the classification of the ANCA-associated vasculitides and polyarteritis nodosa for epidemiological studies","volume":"66","author":"Watts","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ann. Rheum. Dis."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102579","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2020.102579","article-title":"Anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies predate symptom onset of ANCA-associated vasculitis. A case-control study","volume":"117","author":"Berglin","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Autoimmun."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1583","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2016-209133","article-title":"EULAR\/ERA-EDTA recommendations for the management of ANCA-associated vasculitis","volume":"75","author":"Yates","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann. Rheum. Dis."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1111\/idj.12481","article-title":"Swedish Quality Registry for Caries and Periodontal Diseases\u2014A framework for quality development in dentistry","volume":"69","author":"Gahnberg","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. Dent. J."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Esberg, A., Johansson, L., Johansson, I., and Dahlqvist, S.R. (2021). Oral Microbiota Identifies Patients in Early Onset Rheumatoid Arthritis. Microorganisms, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms9081657"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"756","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpe.13459","article-title":"Using national register data to estimate the heritability of periodontitis","volume":"48","author":"Haworth","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Clin. Periodontol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1002\/art.1780310302","article-title":"The American Rheumatism Association 1987 revised criteria for the classification of rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"31","author":"Arnett","year":"1988","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-302X.1997.tb00395.x","article-title":"Estimation of serum antibody to subgingival species using checkerboard immunoblotting","volume":"12","author":"Sakellari","year":"1997","journal-title":"Oral Microbiol. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Esberg, A., Johansson, A., Claesson, R., and Johansson, I. (2020). 43-Year Temporal Trends in Immune Response to Oral Bacteria in a Swedish Population. Pathogens, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens9070544"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1621","DOI":"10.1038\/ismej.2012.8","article-title":"Ultra-high-throughput microbial community analysis on the Illumina HiSeq and MiSeq platforms","volume":"6","author":"Caporaso","year":"2012","journal-title":"ISME J."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.3869","article-title":"DADA2: High-resolution sample inference from Illumina amplicon data","volume":"13","author":"Callahan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Methods"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"852","DOI":"10.1038\/s41587-019-0209-9","article-title":"Reproducible, interactive, scalable and extensible microbiome data science using QIIME 2","volume":"37","author":"Bolyen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"baq013","DOI":"10.1093\/database\/baq013","article-title":"The Human Oral Microbiome Database: A web accessible resource for investigating oral microbe taxonomic and genomic information","volume":"2010","author":"Chen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Database"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1911","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00389-14","article-title":"Multiplex real-time PCR assay for rapid detection of methicillin-resistant staphylococci directly from positive blood cultures","volume":"52","author":"Wang","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R60","DOI":"10.1186\/gb-2011-12-6-r60","article-title":"Metagenomic biomarker discovery and explanation","volume":"12","author":"Segata","year":"2011","journal-title":"Genome Biol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2041-1014.2012.00663.x","article-title":"Beyond the red complex and into more complexity: The polymicrobial synergy and dysbiosis (PSD) model of periodontal disease etiology","volume":"27","author":"Hajishengallis","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mol. Oral Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15017","DOI":"10.1038\/npjbiofilms.2015.17","article-title":"Functional biomarkers for chronic periodontitis and insights into the roles of Prevotella nigrescens and Fusobacterium nucleatum; a metatranscriptome analysis","volume":"1","author":"Deng","year":"2015","journal-title":"NPJ Biofilms Microbiomes"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0757.2006.00192.x","article-title":"Microbiological goals of periodontal therapy","volume":"42","author":"Teles","year":"2006","journal-title":"Periodontol. 2000"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.3109\/s10165-009-0194-9","article-title":"Rheumatoid arthritis is linked to oral bacteria: Etiological association","volume":"19","author":"Ogrendik","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mod. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_43","first-page":"754","article-title":"FRI0698 Prevotella and Alloprevotella species characterize the oral microbiome of early rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"76","author":"Wolff","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann. Rheum. Dis."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2016.00080","article-title":"Hand to Mouth: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of the Association between Rheumatoid Arthritis and Periodontitis","volume":"7","author":"Fuggle","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tripleo.2005.04.018","article-title":"Wegener\u2019s granulomatosis: The current understanding","volume":"100","author":"Ponniah","year":"2005","journal-title":"Oral Surg. Oral Med. Oral Pathol. Oral Radiol. Endod."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/S1079-2104(98)90418-8","article-title":"Wegener\u2019s granulomatosis presenting as oral lesions: A case report","volume":"85","author":"Lilly","year":"1998","journal-title":"Oral Surg. Oral Med. Oral Pathol. Oral Radiol. Endod."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1111\/jop.12030","article-title":"Wegener\u2019s granulomatosis: A review of clinical features and an update in diagnosis and treatment","volume":"42","author":"Almouhawis","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Oral Pathol. Med."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1016\/j.csbj.2020.12.031","article-title":"Nasal microbiome research in ANCA-associated vasculitis: Strengths, limitations, and future directions","volume":"19","author":"Kronbichler","year":"2021","journal-title":"Comput. Struct. Biotechnol. J."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2741","DOI":"10.1002\/art.11223","article-title":"Antibodies against cyclic citrullinated peptide and IgA rheumatoid factor predict the development of rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"48","author":"Berglin","year":"2003","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1080\/03009742.2021.1989814","article-title":"Complement activation prior to symptom onset in myeloperoxidase ANCA-associated vasculitis but not proteinase 3 ANCA associated vasculitis-A Swedish biobank study","volume":"51","author":"Johansson","year":"2022","journal-title":"Scand. J. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1097\/BOR.0b013e328346c332","article-title":"Bacterial infections in Wegener\u2019s granulomatosis: Mechanisms potentially involved in autoimmune pathogenesis","volume":"23","author":"Tadema","year":"2011","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Rheumatol."}],"container-title":["Microorganisms"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2607\/10\/8\/1572\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T00:04:15Z","timestamp":1760141055000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2607\/10\/8\/1572"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,4]]},"references-count":51,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8]]}},"alternative-id":["microorganisms10081572"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/microorganisms10081572","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-2607"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-2607","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,4]]}}}