{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T13:25:23Z","timestamp":1790342723164,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,25]],"date-time":"2022-08-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1661385600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"PEER518\/USAID","award":["4R01AI025038-24"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["4R01AI025038-24"]}]},{"name":"Institut Pasteur of Morocco","award":["4R01AI025038-24"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["4R01AI025038-24"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) occurring due to Leishmania tropica is a public health problem in Morocco. The distribution and incidence of this form of leishmaniasis have increased in an unusual way in the last decade, and the control measures put in place are struggling to slow down the epidemic. This study was designed to assess the impact of climatic and environmental factors on CL in L. tropica foci. The data collected included CL incidence and climatic and environmental factors across three Moroccan foci (Foum Jemaa, Imintanout, and Ouazzane) from 2000 to 2019. Statistical analyses were performed using the linear regression model. An association was found between the occurrence of CL in Imintanout and temperature and humidity (r2 = 0.6076, df = (1.18), p-value = 3.09 \u00d7 10\u22125; r2 = 0.6306, df = (1.18), p-value = 1.77 \u00d7 10\u22125). As a second objective of our study, we investigated the population structure of L.tropica in these three foci, using the nuclear marker internal transcribed spacer 1 (ITS1). Our results showed a low-to-medium level of geographic differentiation among the L.tropica populations using pairwise differentiation. Molecular diversity indices showed a high genetic diversity in Foum Jemaa and Imintanout; indeed, 29 polymorphic sites were identified, leading to the definition of 13 haplotypes. Tajima\u2019s D and Fu\u2019s F test statistics in all populations were not statistically significant, and consistent with a population at drift\u2013mutation equilibrium. Further analysis, including additional DNA markers and a larger sample size, could provide a more complete perspective of L. tropica\u2019s population structure in these three regions. In addition, further research is needed to better understand the impact of climatic conditions on the transmission cycle of Leishmania, allowing both for the development of effective control measures, and for the development of a predictive model for this parasitosis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms10091712","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,26]],"date-time":"2022-08-26T02:04:32Z","timestamp":1661479472000},"page":"1712","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Environmental, Climatic, and Parasite Molecular Factors Impacting the Incidence of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis Due to Leishmania tropica in Three Moroccan Foci"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Othmane","family":"Daoui","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Parasitology and Vector-Borne-Diseases, Institut Pasteur du Maroc, Casablanca 20250, Morocco"},{"name":"Molecular Genetics and Immunophysiopathology Research Team, Health and Environment Laboratory, A\u00efn Chock Faculty of Sciences, Hassan II University of Casablanca, Casablanca 20000, Morocco"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6678-7112","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hamza","family":"Bennaid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Parasitology and Vector-Borne-Diseases, Institut Pasteur du Maroc, Casablanca 20250, Morocco"},{"name":"Information Retrieval and Data Analytics Laboratory, National School of Computer Science and System Analysis (Ensias), Rabat 10112, Morocco"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mouad Ait","family":"Kbaich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Parasitology and Vector-Borne-Diseases, Institut Pasteur du Maroc, Casablanca 20250, Morocco"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Idris","family":"Mhaidi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Parasitology and Vector-Borne-Diseases, Institut Pasteur du Maroc, Casablanca 20250, Morocco"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nacer","family":"Aderdour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Geosciences Laboratory, Faculty of Sciences Ain Chock, Hassan II University of Casablanca, Casablanca 20000, Morocco"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hassan","family":"Rhinane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Geosciences Laboratory, Faculty of Sciences Ain Chock, Hassan II University of Casablanca, Casablanca 20000, Morocco"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Souad","family":"Bouhout","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Directorate of Epidemiology, Division of Infectious Diseases, Service of Parasitic Diseases, Ministry of Health of Morocco, Rabat 10020, Morocco"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Khadija","family":"Akarid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Genetics and Immunophysiopathology Research Team, Health and Environment Laboratory, A\u00efn Chock Faculty of Sciences, Hassan II University of Casablanca, Casablanca 20000, Morocco"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Meryem","family":"Lemrani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Parasitology and Vector-Borne-Diseases, Institut Pasteur du Maroc, Casablanca 20250, Morocco"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2018.07.019","article-title":"A review of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Morocco: A vertical analysisto determine appropriate interventions for control and prevention","volume":"187","author":"Laboudi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acta Trop."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"WHO (2022, August 15). 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