{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,2]],"date-time":"2025-11-02T06:08:43Z","timestamp":1762063723307,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,27]],"date-time":"2022-08-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1661558400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"PRIN 2017 \u201cNatural and pharmacological inhibition of the early phase of viral replication (VirSudNet),\u201d","award":["2017M8R7N9"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017M8R7N9"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>HSV-1 can be associated with severe and recurrent eye infections characterized by a strong inflammatory response that leads to blepharoconjunctivitis, epithelial and stromal keratitis, and retinal necrosis. The incidence of HSV-1 keratitis is 1.5 million every year worldwide, including more than 40,000 new cases exhibiting serious visual failures. Generally, the therapy uses antiviral drugs to promote healing; however, there are currently no compounds that are able to completely eradicate the virus. In addition, the phenomenon of resistance is rapidly spreading among HSV-1 strains, creating mutants developing resistance to the common antiviral drugs; therefore, deep research on this issue is warranted. The efficacy of different ophthalmic solutions already on the market was evaluated for reducing HSV-1 infection. Different plaque assays were set up on epithelial cells, revealing that two ophthalmic solutions were able to inhibit viral replication in the early stages of infection. The data were further confirmed by molecular tests analyzing the expression levels of the principal genes involved in HSV-1 infection, and a strong reduction was observed after only 1 min of eye-drop treatment. Collectively, these results suggested the use of ophthalmic solutions as potential antiviral options for the treatment of ocular herpetic infection.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms10091728","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,29]],"date-time":"2022-08-29T03:34:56Z","timestamp":1661744096000},"page":"1728","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Ophthalmic Solutions with a Broad Antiviral Action: Evaluation of Their Potential against Ocular Herpetic Infections"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7991-8700","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carla","family":"Zannella","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania \u201cLuigi Vanvitelli\u201d, 80138 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1648-4519","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Annalisa","family":"Chianese","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania \u201cLuigi Vanvitelli\u201d, 80138 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4566-0064","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maddalena","family":"De Bernardo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry \u201cScuola Medica Salernitana\u201d, University of Salerno, 84081 Baronissi, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7406-9882","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Veronica","family":"Folliero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania \u201cLuigi Vanvitelli\u201d, 80138 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0446-2846","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesco","family":"Petrillo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0395-7962","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"De Filippis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania \u201cLuigi Vanvitelli\u201d, 80138 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7757-6855","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giovanni","family":"Boccia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry \u201cScuola Medica Salernitana\u201d, University of Salerno, 84081 Baronissi, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3321-4331","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gianluigi","family":"Franci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry \u201cScuola Medica Salernitana\u201d, University of Salerno, 84081 Baronissi, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2366-6556","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicola","family":"Rosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry \u201cScuola Medica Salernitana\u201d, University of Salerno, 84081 Baronissi, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1576-6290","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Massimiliano","family":"Galdiero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania \u201cLuigi Vanvitelli\u201d, 80138 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"(2022, June 01). World Health Organization (WHO). Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/herpes-simplex-virus."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2019.00046","article-title":"Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 Infection of the Central Nervous System: Insights into Proposed Interrelationships With Neurodegenerative Disorders","volume":"13","author":"Duarte","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"684","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6976.2011.00320.x","article-title":"The molecular basis of herpes simplex virus latency","volume":"36","author":"Nicoll","year":"2012","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3361","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI136225","article-title":"Herpesvirus latency","volume":"130","author":"Cohen","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2013.03.010","article-title":"Virus infections in the nervous system","volume":"13","author":"Koyuncu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.17.1.1-13.2004","article-title":"Neonatal herpes simplex infection","volume":"17","author":"Kimberlin","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1302.060907","article-title":"Disseminated neonatal herpes caused by herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2","volume":"13","author":"Knezevic","year":"2007","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1007\/s13311-016-0433-7","article-title":"Herpes Simplex Virus-1 Encephalitis in Adults: Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, and Management","volume":"13","author":"Bradshaw","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurotherapeutics"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jped.2019.07.006","article-title":"Viral encephalitis: A practical review on diagnostic approach and treatment","volume":"96","author":"Costa","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2006.05.001","article-title":"Herpes simplex keratitis","volume":"25","author":"Kaye","year":"2006","journal-title":"Prog. Retin. Eye Res."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2012.08.002","article-title":"Herpes keratitis","volume":"32","author":"Rowe","year":"2013","journal-title":"Prog. Retin. Eye Res."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1097\/NHH.0000000000000791","article-title":"Herpes Simplex Virus Keratitis","volume":"37","author":"Harris","year":"2019","journal-title":"Home Healthc. Now"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2219","DOI":"10.1038\/s41433-020-01153-x","article-title":"Update on Herpes simplex keratitis management","volume":"34","author":"Sibley","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eye"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2021.02.032","article-title":"Herpes Simplex Virus-Associated Keratitis","volume":"61","author":"Glick","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Emerg. Med."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"877","DOI":"10.2217\/fmb.11.73","article-title":"Ocular herpes simplex virus: How are latency, reactivation, recurrent disease and therapy interrelated?","volume":"6","author":"Clerkin","year":"2011","journal-title":"Future Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1007\/s40135-013-0024-2","article-title":"Current Concepts in the Management of Herpes Simplex Anterior Segment Eye Disease","volume":"1","author":"Reddy","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr. Ophthalmol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"766","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.00766","article-title":"Pathogenesis of Herpes Stromal Keratitis: Immune Inflammatory Response Mediated by Inflammatory Regulators","volume":"11","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2012.07.002","article-title":"Pathogenesis of herpes stromal keratitis--a focus on corneal neovascularization","volume":"33","author":"Gimenez","year":"2013","journal-title":"Prog. Retin. Eye Res."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2018.10.002","article-title":"Pathogenesis of herpes simplex keratitis: The host cell response and ocular surface sequelae to infection and inflammation","volume":"17","author":"Lobo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ocul. Surf."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"824","DOI":"10.1111\/ceo.12785","article-title":"Herpes simplex virus keratitis: An update of the pathogenesis and current treatment with oral and topical antiviral agents","volume":"44","author":"Tsatsos","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S7","DOI":"10.1097\/ICO.0000000000002425","article-title":"Adoption of Innovation in Herpes Simplex Virus Keratitis","volume":"39","author":"Chodosh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cornea"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1097\/00003226-198706040-00011","article-title":"Diagnosis and management of herpes simplex stromal keratitis","volume":"6","author":"Wilhelmus","year":"1987","journal-title":"Cornea"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/S1386-6532(02)00263-9","article-title":"Herpes simplex virus resistance to antiviral drugs","volume":"26","author":"Morfin","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Clin. Virol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.16.1.114-128.2003","article-title":"Herpes simplex virus resistance to acyclovir and penciclovir after two decades of antiviral therapy","volume":"16","author":"Bacon","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"654","DOI":"10.1097\/QCO.0000000000000288","article-title":"Antiviral resistance in herpes simplex virus and varicella-zoster virus infections: Diagnosis and management","volume":"29","author":"Piret","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2022.01.010","article-title":"Acyclovir-Resistant Herpes Simplex Virus 1 Keratitis: A Concerning and Emerging Clinical Challenge","volume":"238","author":"Rousseau","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Majewska, A., and Mlynarczyk-Bonikowska, B. (2022). 40 Years after the Registration of Acyclovir: Do We Need New Anti-Herpetic Drugs?. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23073431"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.5693\/djo.01.2018.06.001","article-title":"Povidone-iodine concentration and in vitro killing time of bacterial corneal ulcer isolates","volume":"24","author":"Koerner","year":"2018","journal-title":"Digit. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Singh, S., Sawant, O.B., Mian, S.I., and Kumar, A. (2021). Povidone-Iodine Attenuates Viral Replication in Ocular Cells: Implications for Ocular Transmission of RNA Viruses. Biomolecules, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/biom11050753"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1177\/1120672118802541","article-title":"In vitro bactericidal activity of 0.6% povidone-iodine eye drops formulation","volume":"29","author":"Musumeci","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Paduch, R., Urbanik-Sypniewska, T., Kutkowska, J., Choragiewicz, T., Matysik-Wozniak, A., Zweifel, S., Czarnek-Chudzik, A., Zaluska, W., Rejdak, R., and Toro, M.D. (2021). Ozone-Based Eye Drops Activity on Ocular Epithelial Cells and Potential Pathogens Infecting the Front of the Eye. Antioxidants, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox10060968"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Caruso, C., Eletto, D., Tosco, A., Pannetta, M., Scarinci, F., Troisi, M., and Porta, A. (2022). Comparative Evaluation of Antimicrobial, Antiamoebic, and Antiviral Efficacy of Ophthalmic Formulations. Microorganisms, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms10061156"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Petrillo, F., Chianese, A., De Bernardo, M., Zannella, C., Galdiero, M., Reibaldi, M., Avitabile, T., Boccia, G., Galdiero, M., and Rosa, N. (2021). Inhibitory Effect of Ophthalmic Solutions against SARS-CoV-2: A Preventive Action to Block the Viral Transmission?. Microorganisms, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms9081550"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zannella, C., Chianese, A., Palomba, L., Marcocci, M.E., Bellavita, R., Merlino, F., Grieco, P., Folliero, V., De Filippis, A., and Mangoni, M. (2022). Broad-Spectrum Antiviral Activity of the Amphibian Antimicrobial Peptide Temporin L and Its Analogs. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23042060"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Falanga, A., Del Genio, V., Kaufman, E.A., Zannella, C., Franci, G., Weck, M., and Galdiero, S. (2021). Engineering of Janus-Like Dendrimers with Peptides Derived from Glycoproteins of Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1: Toward a Versatile and Novel Antiviral Platform. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22126488"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.7150\/jca.29787","article-title":"Identification of Putative UL54 (ICP27) Transcription Regulatory Sequences Binding to Oct-1, v-Myb, Pax-6 and Hairy in Herpes Simplex Viruses","volume":"10","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2892","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02994-14","article-title":"Functional comparison of herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) and HSV-2 ICP27 homologs reveals a role for ICP27 in virion release","volume":"89","author":"Park","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32583","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M114.609453","article-title":"UL52 primase interactions in the herpes simplex virus 1 helicase-primase are affected by antiviral compounds and mutations causing drug resistance","volume":"289","author":"Muylaert","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210011","DOI":"10.1098\/rsob.210011","article-title":"The three-component helicase\/primase complex of herpes simplex virus-1","volume":"11","author":"Bermek","year":"2021","journal-title":"Open Biol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1386","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2020.01386","article-title":"Identification of 22 Novel Motifs of the Cell Entry Fusion Glycoprotein B of Oncolytic Herpes Simplex Viruses: Sequence Analysis and Literature Review","volume":"10","author":"Shi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00614-17","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.00614-17","article-title":"Structure-Based Mutations in the Herpes Simplex Virus 1 Glycoprotein B Ectodomain Arm Impart a Slow-Entry Phenotype","volume":"8","author":"Fan","year":"2017","journal-title":"mBio"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1008104006007","article-title":"Herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) strain HSZP glycoprotein B gene: Comparison of mutations among strains differing in virulence","volume":"20","author":"Kosovsky","year":"2000","journal-title":"Virus Genes"},{"key":"ref_43","first-page":"68","article-title":"Herpes simplex infection of the eye: An introduction","volume":"33","author":"Bagga","year":"2020","journal-title":"Community Eye Health"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Petrillo, F., Pignataro, D., Lavano, M., Santella, B., Folliero, V., Zannella, C., Astarita, C., Gagliano, C., Franci, G., and Avitabile, T. (2020). Current Evidence on the Ocular Surface Microbiota and Related Diseases. Microorganisms, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms8071033"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1002\/psc.2979","article-title":"Infectivity inhibition by overlapping synthetic peptides derived from the gH\/gL heterodimer of herpes simplex virus type 1","volume":"23","author":"Franci","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Pept. Sci."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1488","DOI":"10.1080\/07853890.2022.2076902","article-title":"Repurposing povidone-iodine to reduce the risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection and transmission: A narrative review","volume":"54","author":"Lim","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ann. Med."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shet, M., Westover, J., Hong, R., Igo, D., Cataldo, M., and Bhaskar, S. (2022). In vitro inactivation of SARS-CoV-2 using a povidone-iodine oral rinse. BMC Oral Health, 22.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-022-02082-9"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1159\/000246027","article-title":"Inactivation of human viruses by povidone-iodine in comparison with other antiseptics","volume":"195","author":"Kawana","year":"1997","journal-title":"Dermatology"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2006.07.039","article-title":"The in vitro effective antiviral action of povidone-iodine (PVP-I) may also have therapeutic potential by its intravenous administration diluted with Ringer\u2019s solution","volume":"68","author":"Sabracos","year":"2007","journal-title":"Med. Hypotheses"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1007\/s40121-018-0200-7","article-title":"In Vitro Bactericidal and Virucidal Efficacy of Povidone-Iodine Gargle\/Mouthwash Against Respiratory and Oral Tract Pathogens","volume":"7","author":"Eggers","year":"2018","journal-title":"Infect. Dis. Ther."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-422X-6-124","article-title":"Mechanisms of the action of povidone-iodine against human and avian influenza A viruses: Its effects on hemagglutination and sialidase activities","volume":"6","author":"Sriwilaijaroen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Virol. J."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrs.2011.06.030","article-title":"Effect of povidone-iodine concentration and exposure time on bacteria isolated from endophthalmitis cases","volume":"38","author":"Hosseini","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Cataract. Refract. Surg."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1097","DOI":"10.1002\/mbo3.1097","article-title":"Bactericidal and virucidal activity of ethanol and povidone-iodine","volume":"9","author":"Sauerbrei","year":"2020","journal-title":"Microbiologyopen"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101173","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mycmed.2021.101173","article-title":"Demonstration of the yeasticidal efficacy of povidone-iodine-based commercial antiseptic solutions against Candida auris","volume":"31","author":"Chesnay","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Mycol. Med."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1111\/myc.12306","article-title":"Filamentous fungal infections of the cornea: A global overview of epidemiology and drug sensitivity","volume":"58","author":"Kredics","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mycoses"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2016.05.021","article-title":"Altered Patterns of Fungal Keratitis at a London Ophthalmic Referral Hospital: An Eight-Year Retrospective Observational Study","volume":"168","author":"Ong","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_57","first-page":"14","article-title":"HSV membrane glycoproteins, their function in viral entry and their use in vaccine studies","volume":"Volume 43","author":"Stelitano","year":"2019","journal-title":"Amino Acids, Peptides and Proteins: Volume 43"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1159\/000496828","article-title":"Epstein-Barr Virus Seroprevalence and Primary Infection at the University Hospital Luigi Vanvitelli of Naples from 2007 to 2017","volume":"62","author":"Franci","year":"2019","journal-title":"Intervirology"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1159\/000488846","article-title":"Use of Ozone-Based Eye Drops: A Series of Cases in Veterinary and Human Spontaneous Ocular Pathologies","volume":"9","author":"Spadea","year":"2018","journal-title":"Case Rep. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.4103\/0976-9668.82319","article-title":"Ozone therapy: A clinical review","volume":"2","author":"Elvis","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Nat. Sci. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2672.2001.01235.x","article-title":"Antibacterial activity of ozonized sunflower oil (Oleozon)","volume":"90","author":"Sechi","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Santella, B., Folliero, V., Pirofalo, G.M., Serretiello, E., Zannella, C., Moccia, G., Santoro, E., Sanna, G., Motta, O., and De Caro, F. (2020). Sepsis-A Retrospective Cohort Study of Bloodstream Infections. Antibiotics, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics9120851"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e178","DOI":"10.1111\/aos.14243","article-title":"In vitro antimicrobial activity of a new ophthalmic solution containing povidone-iodine 0.6% (IODIM((R)))","volume":"98","author":"Pinna","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ugazio, E., Tullio, V., Binello, A., Tagliapietra, S., and Dosio, F. (2020). Ozonated Oils as Antimicrobial Systems in Topical Applications. Their Characterization, Current Applications, and Advances in Improved Delivery Techniques. Molecules, 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules25020334"}],"container-title":["Microorganisms"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2607\/10\/9\/1728\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T00:16:20Z","timestamp":1760141780000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2607\/10\/9\/1728"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,27]]},"references-count":64,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9]]}},"alternative-id":["microorganisms10091728"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/microorganisms10091728","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-2607"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2076-2607"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,27]]}}}