{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,21]],"date-time":"2026-03-21T20:15:39Z","timestamp":1774124139509,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,1]],"date-time":"2022-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1661990400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Italian Ministry of Health, Ricerca Corrente","award":["RC IZ LER 2018009"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RC IZ LER 2018009"]}]},{"name":"Italian Ministry of Health, Ricerca Corrente","award":["RC IZ LER 2020005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RC IZ LER 2020005"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Influenza A viruses (IAV) have been repeatedly demonstrated to circulate in wild suid populations. In this study, serum samples were collected from 2618 free-ranging wild boars in a protected area of Northern Italy between 2007 and 2014, and firstly screened by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the presence of antibodies against IAV. The ELISA-positive samples were further tested by hemagglutination inhibition (HI) assays performed using antigen strains representative of the four major swine IAV (sIAV) lineages circulating in Italy: avian-like swine H1N1, pandemic-like swine H1N1, human-like swine H1N2 and human-like swine H3N2. An overall seroprevalence of 5.5% (145\/2618) was detected by ELISA, with 56.7% (80\/141) of screened sera tests positive by HI assay. Antibodies against H1N1 subtypes were the most prevalent beginning in 2009\u2014with the highest detection in the first quarter of the year\u2014until 2013, although at a low level. In addition, antibodies to H3N2 subtype were found during six years (2007, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012 and 2014) whereas H1N2 antibodies were detected in 2012 only. Of the HI-positive samples, 30% showed reactivity to both H1N1 and H3N2 subtypes. These results provide additional insight into the circulation dynamics of IAV in wild suid populations, suggesting the occurrence of sIAV spillover events from pigs to wild boars.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms10091768","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,2]],"date-time":"2022-09-02T00:19:01Z","timestamp":1662077941000},"page":"1768","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Long-Term Serological Investigations of Influenza A Virus in Free-Living Wild Boars (Sus scrofa) from Northern Italy (2007\u20132014)"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4951-4980","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Alessandra","family":"De Marco","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Environmental Protection and Research (ISPRA), 40064 Ozzano dell\u2019Emilia, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0292-4835","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Claudia","family":"Cotti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wildlife and Exotic Animal Service, Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, 40064 Ozzano dell\u2019Emilia, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elisabetta","family":"Raffini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"WOAH Reference Laboratory for Swine Influenza, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell\u2019Emilia Romagna (IZSLER), 25124 Brescia, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Matteo","family":"Frasnelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"WOAH Reference Laboratory for Swine Influenza, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell\u2019Emilia Romagna (IZSLER), 25124 Brescia, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1134-9764","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alice","family":"Prosperi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"WOAH Reference Laboratory for Swine Influenza, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell\u2019Emilia Romagna (IZSLER), 25124 Brescia, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Irene","family":"Zanni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"WOAH Reference Laboratory for Swine Influenza, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell\u2019Emilia Romagna (IZSLER), 25124 Brescia, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chiara","family":"Romanini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"WOAH Reference Laboratory for Swine Influenza, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell\u2019Emilia Romagna (IZSLER), 25124 Brescia, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8574-3473","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Rita","family":"Castrucci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Safety, Nutrition and Veterinary Public Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanit\u00e0, 00161 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8808-4680","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chiara","family":"Chiapponi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"WOAH Reference Laboratory for Swine Influenza, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell\u2019Emilia Romagna (IZSLER), 25124 Brescia, Italy"},{"name":"Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Unit, Department of Life Sciences, University of Parma, 43124 Parma, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mauro","family":"Delogu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wildlife and Exotic Animal Service, Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, 40064 Ozzano dell\u2019Emilia, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1128\/mr.56.1.152-179.1992","article-title":"Evolution and ecology of influenza A viruses","volume":"56","author":"Webster","year":"1992","journal-title":"Microbiol. 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