{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T10:33:29Z","timestamp":1789641209756,"version":"4.0.0"},"reference-count":345,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,15]],"date-time":"2022-09-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1663200000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Stellenbosch University Faculty of Medicine and Health Science","award":["86949"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["86949"]}]},{"name":"Stellenbosch University Faculty of Medicine and Health Science","award":["86539"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["86539"]}]},{"name":"South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC)","award":["86949"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["86949"]}]},{"name":"South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC)","award":["86539"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["86539"]}]},{"name":"National Research Foundation (NRF) South African Research Chairs Initiative","award":["86949"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["86949"]}]},{"name":"National Research Foundation (NRF) South African Research Chairs Initiative","award":["86539"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["86539"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Mycobacterium bovis and other Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC) pathogens that cause domestic animal and wildlife tuberculosis have received considerably less attention than M. tuberculosis, the primary cause of human tuberculosis (TB). Human TB studies have shown that different stages of infection can exist, driven by host\u2013pathogen interactions. This results in the emergence of heterogeneous subpopulations of mycobacteria in different phenotypic states, which range from actively replicating (AR) cells to viable but slowly or non-replicating (VBNR), viable but non-culturable (VBNC), and dormant mycobacteria. The VBNR, VBNC, and dormant subpopulations are believed to underlie latent tuberculosis (LTB) in humans; however, it is unclear if a similar phenomenon could be happening in animals. This review discusses the evidence, challenges, and knowledge gaps regarding LTB in animals, and possible host\u2013pathogen differences in the MTBC strains M. tuberculosis and M. bovis during infection. We further consider models that might be adapted from human TB research to investigate how the different phenotypic states of bacteria could influence TB stages in animals. In addition, we explore potential host biomarkers and mycobacterial changes in the DosR regulon, transcriptional sigma factors, and resuscitation-promoting factors that may influence the development of LTB.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms10091845","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,16]],"date-time":"2022-09-16T01:35:10Z","timestamp":1663292110000},"page":"1845","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Evidence, Challenges, and Knowledge Gaps Regarding Latent Tuberculosis in Animals"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4290-9071","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pamela","family":"Ncube","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"DSI\/NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Francie Van Zijl Dr, Parow, Cape Town 7505, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bahareh","family":"Bagheri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"DSI\/NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Francie Van Zijl Dr, Parow, Cape Town 7505, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6614-9084","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wynand Johan","family":"Goosen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"DSI\/NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Francie Van Zijl Dr, Parow, Cape Town 7505, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5883-6076","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michele Ann","family":"Miller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"DSI\/NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Francie Van Zijl Dr, Parow, Cape Town 7505, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9596-8019","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Samantha Leigh","family":"Sampson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"DSI\/NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Francie Van Zijl Dr, Parow, Cape Town 7505, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"WHO (2022, May 09). 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