{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,26]],"date-time":"2026-10-26T02:23:22Z","timestamp":1792981402964,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,20]],"date-time":"2022-09-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1663632000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The widespread use of intrapartum antibiotic prophylaxis (IAP) to prevent group B streptococcus (GBS) early-onset sepsis (EOS) is changing the epidemiology of EOS. Italian prospective area-based surveillance data (from 1 January 2016 to 31 December 2020) were used, from which we identified 64 cases of culture-proven EOS (E. coli, n = 39; GBS, n = 25) among 159,898 live births (annual incidence rates of 0.24 and 0.16 per 1000, respectively). Approximately 10% of E. coli isolates were resistant to both gentamicin and ampicillin. Five neonates died; among them, four were born very pre-term (E. coli, n = 3; GBS, n = 1) and one was born full-term (E. coli, n = 1). After adjustment for gestational age, IAP-exposed neonates had \u226595% lower risk of death, as compared to IAP-unexposed neonates, both in the whole cohort (OR 0.04, 95% CI 0.00\u20130.70; p = 0.03) and in the E. coli EOS cohort (OR 0.05, 95% CI 0.00\u20130.88; p = 0.04). In multi-variable logistic regression analysis, IAP was inversely associated with severe disease (OR = 0.12, 95% CI 0.02\u20130.76; p = 0.03). E. coli is now the leading pathogen in neonatal EOS, and its incidence is close to that of GBS in full-term neonates. IAP reduces the risk of severe disease and death. Importantly, approximately 10% of E. coli isolates causing EOS were found to be resistant to typical first-line antibiotics.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms10101878","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,20]],"date-time":"2022-09-20T22:36:44Z","timestamp":1663713404000},"page":"1878","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":34,"title":["Escherichia coli Is Overtaking Group B Streptococcus in Early-Onset Neonatal Sepsis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5991-8949","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesca","family":"Miselli","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Women\u2019s and Children\u2019s Health Department, University Hospital of Modena, 41124 Modena, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9116-5198","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Riccardo","family":"Cuoghi Costantini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences for Mother, Child and Adult, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41124 Modena, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4290-9039","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roberta","family":"Creti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanit\u00e0, 00161 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesca","family":"Sforza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Post-Graduate School, University of Modena e Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Silvia","family":"Fanaro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Sciences, Pediatric Section, University of Ferrara, 44124 Ferrara, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matilde","family":"Ciccia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Women\u2019s and Children\u2019s Health Department, Maggiore Hospital, 40133 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giancarlo","family":"Piccinini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Unit, Santa Maria Delle Croci Hospital, 48121 Ravenna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vittoria","family":"Rizzo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Bufalini Hospital of Cesena, 47521 Cesena, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lorena","family":"Pasini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatric Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, S.Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, 40138 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7441-9248","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giacomo","family":"Biasucci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric and Neonatal Unit, Women\u2019s and Children\u2019s Health Department, Guglielmo da Saliceto Hospital, 29121 Piacenza, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rossella","family":"Pagano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Unit, Hospital of Sassuolo, 41049 Sassuolo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mariagrazia","family":"Capretti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Women\u2019s and Children\u2019s Health Department, S.Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, 40138 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mariachiara","family":"China","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Infermi Hospital, 47923 Rimini, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lucia","family":"Gambini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, University Hospital of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rita Maria","family":"Pulvirenti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric and Neonatal Unit, Morgagni-Pierantoni Hospital of Forl\u00ec, 47121 Forl\u00ec, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7516-243X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arianna","family":"Dondi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Emergency Unit, Scientific Institute for Research and Healthcare (IRCCS), Sant\u2019Orsola Hospital, 40138 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marcello","family":"Lanari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Emergency Unit, Scientific Institute for Research and Healthcare (IRCCS), Sant\u2019Orsola Hospital, 40138 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"MariaFederica","family":"Pedna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Microbiology, Romagna Laboratory Unit, 47522 Cesena, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simone","family":"Ambretti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Clinical Microbiology, Scientific Institute for Research and Healthcare (IRCCS), Sant\u2019Orsola Hospital, 40138 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Licia","family":"Lugli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Women\u2019s and Children\u2019s Health Department, University Hospital of Modena, 41124 Modena, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1302-4944","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luca","family":"Bedetti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Women\u2019s and Children\u2019s Health Department, University Hospital of Modena, 41124 Modena, Italy"},{"name":"PhD Program in Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41121 Modena, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3534-7499","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alberto","family":"Berardi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Women\u2019s and Children\u2019s Health Department, University Hospital of Modena, 41124 Modena, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2005-0552","article-title":"Seventy-Five Years of Neonatal Sepsis at Yale: 1928\u20132003","volume":"116","author":"Bizzarro","year":"2005","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2007-2171","article-title":"Changing Patterns in Neonatal Escherichia Coli Sepsis and Ampicillin Resistance in the Era of Intrapartum Antibiotic Prophylaxis","volume":"121","author":"Bizzarro","year":"2008","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e20162013","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2016-2013","article-title":"Epidemiology of Invasive Early-Onset Neonatal Sepsis, 2005 to 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