{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,11]],"date-time":"2026-10-11T03:35:41Z","timestamp":1791689741090,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":166,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,26]],"date-time":"2022-09-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1664150400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["81974325"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81974325"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["22ZR1447500"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22ZR1447500"]}]},{"name":"Program of Shanghai Committee of Science and Technology","award":["81974325"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81974325"]}]},{"name":"Program of Shanghai Committee of Science and Technology","award":["22ZR1447500"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22ZR1447500"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Despite advanced implant sterilization and aseptic surgical techniques, implant-associated infection remains a major challenge for orthopedic surgeries. The subject of bacterial biofilms is receiving increasing attention, probably as a result of the wide acknowledgement of the ubiquity of biofilms in the clinical environment, as well as the extreme difficulty in eradicating them. Biofilm can be defined as a structured microbial community of cells that are attached to a substratum and embedded in a matrix of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) that they have produced. Biofilm development has been proposed as occurring in a multi-step process: (i) attachment and adherence, (ii) accumulation\/maturation due to cellular aggregation and EPS production, and (iii) biofilm detachment (also called dispersal) of bacterial cells. In all these stages, characteristic proteinaceous and non-proteinaceous compounds are expressed, and their expression is strictly controlled. Bacterial biofilm formation around implants shelters the bacteria and encourages the persistence of infection, which could lead to implant failure and osteomyelitis. These complications need to be treated by major revision surgeries and extended antibiotic therapies, which could lead to high treatment costs and even increase mortality. Effective preventive and therapeutic measures to reduce risks for implant-associated infections are thus in urgent need.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms10101909","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,28]],"date-time":"2022-09-28T01:51:49Z","timestamp":1664329909000},"page":"1909","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":66,"title":["The Role of Staphylococcal Biofilm on the Surface of Implants in Orthopedic Infection"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Yu","family":"Lu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanghai Sixth People\u2019s Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4596-5458","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wei-jie","family":"Cai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanghai Sixth People\u2019s Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zun","family":"Ren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanghai Sixth People\u2019s Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6078-3815","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pei","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanghai Sixth People\u2019s Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1458","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.116.025037","article-title":"Permanent Leadless Cardiac Pacemaker Therapy: A Comprehensive Review","volume":"135","author":"Tjong","year":"2017","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"847","DOI":"10.1007\/s00264-021-04958-x","article-title":"Evaluation and interpretation of prosthetic joint infection diagnostic investigations","volume":"45","author":"Trebse","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. Orthop."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e140","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0000000000004764","article-title":"The Practice and Complications of Midline Catheters: A Systematic Review","volume":"49","author":"Tripathi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102228","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cis.2020.102228","article-title":"Bacterial adhesion on orthopedic implants","volume":"283","author":"Dahmane","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv. Colloid Interface Sci."},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"1162","article-title":"Influence of material on the development of device-associated infections","volume":"18","author":"Rochford","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Off. Publ. Eur. Soc. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-198711000-00005","article-title":"Infection in experimental arthroplasties","volume":"224","author":"Southwood","year":"1987","journal-title":"Clin. Orthop. Relat. Res."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.15.2.167-193.2002","article-title":"Biofilms: Survival mechanisms of clinically relevant microorganisms","volume":"15","author":"Donlan","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kot, B., Sytykiewicz, H., and Sprawka, I. (2018). Expression of the Biofilm-Associated Genes in Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Biofilm and Planktonic Conditions. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19113487"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.2217\/fmb-2017-0140","article-title":"Comparative analysis between biofilm formation and gene expression in Staphylococcus epidermidis isolates","volume":"13","author":"Freitas","year":"2018","journal-title":"Future Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1128\/microbiolspec.GPP3-0023-2018","article-title":"Staphylococcal Biofilms","volume":"6","author":"Otto","year":"2018","journal-title":"Microbiol. Spectr."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"948","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro1289","article-title":"Immune evasion by staphylococci","volume":"3","author":"Foster","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mib.2021.07.001","article-title":"Eradicating biofilm infections: An update on current and prospective approaches","volume":"63","author":"Afonina","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/ijos.2014.65","article-title":"Strategies for combating bacterial biofilm infections","volume":"7","author":"Wu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Oral Sci."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pietrocola, G., Campoccia, D., Motta, C., Montanaro, L., Arciola, C.R., and Speziale, P. (2022). Colonization and Infection of Indwelling Medical Devices by Staphylococcus aureus with an Emphasis on Orthopedic Implants. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23115958"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rodr\u00edguez-Merch\u00e1n, E.C., Davidson, D.J., and Liddle, A.D. (2021). Recent Strategies to Combat Infections from Biofilm-Forming Bacteria on Orthopaedic Implants. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms221910243"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14689","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.28225","article-title":"Advanced strategies for combating bacterial biofilms","volume":"234","author":"Sharahi","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Cell. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1038\/s41413-019-0061-z","article-title":"Evolving concepts in bone infection: Redefining \u201cbiofilm\u201d, \u201cacute vs. chronic osteomyelitis\u201d, \u201cthe immune proteome\u201d and \u201clocal antibiotic therapy\u201d","volume":"7","author":"Masters","year":"2019","journal-title":"Bone Res."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8018","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2013.07.048","article-title":"A review of the clinical implications of anti-infective biomaterials and infection-resistant surfaces","volume":"34","author":"Campoccia","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-018-0019-y","article-title":"Implant infections: Adhesion, biofilm formation and immune evasion","volume":"16","author":"Arciola","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1111\/joim.12233","article-title":"Clinical presentation and treatment of orthopaedic implant-associated infection","volume":"276","author":"Zimmerli","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2017.12.016","article-title":"Analysis of postoperative and hematogenous prosthetic joint-infection microbiological patterns in a large cohort","volume":"76","author":"Zeller","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Infect."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106116","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2020.106116","article-title":"Spinal implant-associated infections: A prospective multicentre cohort study","volume":"56","author":"Margaryan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents"},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"82","article-title":"Analysis of causative microorganism in 248 primary hip arthroplasties revised for infection: A study using the NJR dataset","volume":"26","author":"Holleyman","year":"2016","journal-title":"Hip Int. J. Clin. Exp. Res. Hip Pathol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1329","DOI":"10.2217\/fmb.11.117","article-title":"Scenery of Staphylococcus implant infections in orthopedics","volume":"6","author":"Montanaro","year":"2011","journal-title":"Future Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2017.11.008","article-title":"Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis infections on implants","volume":"98","author":"Oliveira","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Hosp. Infect."},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"732.e1","article-title":"Time trends in the aetiology of prosthetic joint infections: A multicentre cohort study","volume":"22","author":"Benito","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Off. Publ. Eur. Soc. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1086\/318704","article-title":"Infection of orthopedic prostheses after Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia","volume":"32","author":"Murdoch","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis. Off. Publ. Infect. Dis. Soc. Am."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1097\/01.blo.0000073345.50837.84","article-title":"Detection of biomaterial-associated infections in orthopaedic joint implants","volume":"413","author":"Neut","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clin. Orthop. Relat. Res."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"881","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0809.020063","article-title":"Biofilms: Microbial life on surfaces","volume":"8","author":"Donlan","year":"2002","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00026-19","DOI":"10.1128\/MMBR.00026-19","article-title":"Staphylococcal Biofilm Development: Structure, Regulation, and Treatment Strategies","volume":"84","author":"Schilcher","year":"2020","journal-title":"Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev. MMBR"},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"205","article-title":"Infections from biomaterials and implants: A race for the surface","volume":"14","author":"Gristina","year":"1988","journal-title":"Med. Prog. Through Technol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153rv10","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.3004528","article-title":"Biomaterial-associated infection: Locating the finish line in the race for the surface","volume":"4","author":"Busscher","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2007.10.010","article-title":"Pili in Gram-positive bacteria: Assembly, involvement in colonization and biofilm development","volume":"16","author":"Mandlik","year":"2008","journal-title":"Trends Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"580","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2009.05.011","article-title":"Bacterial adhesins in host-microbe interactions","volume":"5","author":"Kline","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1153","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00364-10","article-title":"Essential role for the major autolysin in the fibronectin-binding protein-mediated Staphylococcus aureus biofilm phenotype","volume":"79","author":"Houston","year":"2011","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bose, J.L., Lehman, M.K., Fey, P.D., and Bayles, K.W. (2012). Contribution of the Staphylococcus aureus Atl AM and GL murein hydrolase activities in cell division, autolysis, and biofilm formation. PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0042244"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1013","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2958.1997.4101774.x","article-title":"Evidence for autolysin-mediated primary attachment of Staphylococcus epidermidis to a polystyrene surface","volume":"24","author":"Heilmann","year":"1997","journal-title":"Mol. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3423","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.69.5.3423-3426.2001","article-title":"Key role of teichoic acid net charge in Staphylococcus aureus colonization of artificial surfaces","volume":"69","author":"Gross","year":"2001","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.1099\/mic.0.042234-0","article-title":"Mutation of tagO reveals an essential role for wall teichoic acids in Staphylococcus epidermidis biofilm development","volume":"157","author":"Holland","year":"2011","journal-title":"Microbiology"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6692","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2011.05.078","article-title":"Immune responses to implants\u2014A review of the implications for the design of immunomodulatory biomaterials","volume":"32","author":"Franz","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biotechadv.2011.06.004","article-title":"Modulation of cell adhesion, proliferation and differentiation on materials designed for body implants","volume":"29","author":"Bacakova","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Adv."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"927","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2019.06.007","article-title":"The MSCRAMM Family of Cell-Wall-Anchored Surface Proteins of Gram-Positive Cocci","volume":"27","author":"Foster","year":"2019","journal-title":"Trends Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2426","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.187.7.2426-2438.2005","article-title":"Insights on evolution of virulence and resistance from the complete genome analysis of an early methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strain and a biofilm-producing methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus epidermidis strain","volume":"187","author":"Gill","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2359","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1742-4658.2011.08159.x","article-title":"The A domain of fibronectin-binding protein B of Staphylococcus aureus contains a novel fibronectin binding site","volume":"278","author":"Burke","year":"2011","journal-title":"FEBS J."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2675","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.02128-12","article-title":"Subdomains N2N3 of fibronectin binding protein A mediate Staphylococcus aureus biofilm formation and adherence to fibrinogen using distinct mechanisms","volume":"195","author":"Geoghegan","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1143","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2958.1995.mmi_17061143.x","article-title":"Adhesion properties of mutants of Staphylococcus aureus defective in fibronectin-binding proteins and studies on the expression of fnb genes","volume":"17","author":"Greene","year":"1995","journal-title":"Mol. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2054","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2020.02054","article-title":"The Multivalent Role of Fibronectin-Binding Proteins A and B (FnBPA and FnBPB) of Staphylococcus aureus in Host Infections","volume":"11","author":"Speziale","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2958.2006.05552.x","article-title":"Fibrinogen and elastin bind to the same region within the A domain of fibronectin binding protein A, an MSCRAMM of Staphylococcus aureus","volume":"63","author":"Keane","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mol. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2958.1998.01050.x","article-title":"Clumping factor B (ClfB), a new surface-located fibrinogen-binding adhesin of Staphylococcus aureus","volume":"30","author":"Perkins","year":"1998","journal-title":"Mol. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25963","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M110.217414","article-title":"Structural and biochemical characterization of Staphylococcus aureus clumping factor B\/ligand interactions","volume":"286","author":"Ganesh","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xiang, H., Feng, Y., Wang, J., Liu, B., Chen, Y., Liu, L., Deng, X., and Yang, M. (2012). Crystal structures reveal the multi-ligand binding mechanism of Staphylococcus aureus ClfB. PLoS Pathog., 8.","DOI":"10.2210\/pdb4f1z\/pdb"},{"key":"ref_52","first-page":"498","article-title":"The carriage of the serine-aspartate repeat protein-encoding sdr genes among Staphylococcus aureus lineages","volume":"19","author":"Liu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Braz. J. Infect. Dis. Off. Publ. Braz. Soc. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3738","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1616805114","article-title":"Molecular interactions and inhibition of the staphylococcal biofilm-forming protein SdrC","volume":"114","author":"Feuillie","year":"2017","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00559-16","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00559-16","article-title":"Serine-Aspartate Repeat Protein D Increases Staphylococcus aureus Virulence and Survival in Blood","volume":"85","author":"Askarian","year":"2017","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1846","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jix213","article-title":"The Surface Protein SdrF Mediates Staphylococcus epidermidis Adherence to Keratin","volume":"215","author":"Trivedi","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2950","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00055-08","article-title":"Expression of Staphylococcus epidermidis SdrG increases following exposure to an in vivo environment","volume":"76","author":"Sellman","year":"2008","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4224","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.emboj.7600888","article-title":"A \u2018Collagen Hug\u2019 model for Staphylococcus aureus CNA binding to collagen","volume":"24","author":"Zong","year":"2005","journal-title":"EMBO J."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2160","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.6b08404","article-title":"Single-Cell and Single-Molecule Analysis Unravels the Multifunctionality of the Staphylococcus aureus Collagen-Binding Protein Cna","volume":"11","author":"Valotteau","year":"2017","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Madani, A., Garakani, K., and Mofrad, M.R.K. (2017). Molecular mechanics of Staphylococcus aureus adhesin, CNA, and the inhibition of bacterial adhesion by stretching collagen. PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0179601"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"760","DOI":"10.1126\/science.285.5428.760","article-title":"Staphylococcus aureus sortase, an enzyme that anchors surface proteins to the cell wall","volume":"285","author":"Mazmanian","year":"1999","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1049","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2958.2001.02411.x","article-title":"Sortase-catalysed anchoring of surface proteins to the cell wall of Staphylococcus aureus","volume":"40","author":"Mazmanian","year":"2001","journal-title":"Mol. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1687","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbamcr.2013.11.009","article-title":"Sec-secretion and sortase-mediated anchoring of proteins in Gram-positive bacteria","volume":"1843","author":"Schneewind","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biochim. Et Biophys. Acta"},{"key":"ref_63","first-page":"159","article-title":"Anchoring of LPXTG-Like Proteins to the Gram-Positive Cell Wall Envelope","volume":"404","author":"Siegel","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"638","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M706252200","article-title":"Evidence for the \u201cdock, lock, and latch\u201d ligand binding mechanism of the staphylococcal microbial surface component recognizing adhesive matrix molecules (MSCRAMM) SdrG","volume":"283","author":"Bowden","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1527","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aar2094","article-title":"Molecular mechanism of extreme mechanostability in a pathogen adhesin","volume":"359","author":"Milles","year":"2018","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50691","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M408713200","article-title":"Clumping factor B, a fibrinogen-binding MSCRAMM (microbial surface components recognizing adhesive matrix molecules) adhesin of Staphylococcus aureus, also binds to the tail region of type I cytokeratin 10","volume":"279","author":"Walsh","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1619","DOI":"10.1042\/BCJ20170085","article-title":"Staphylococcus aureus SdrE captures complement factor H\u2019s C-terminus via a novel \u2018close, dock, lock and latch\u2019 mechanism for complement evasion","volume":"474","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biochem. J."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sharp, J.A., Echague, C.G., Hair, P.S., Ward, M.D., Nyalwidhe, J.O., Geoghegan, J.A., Foster, T.J., and Cunnion, K.M. (2012). Staphylococcus aureus surface protein SdrE binds complement regulator factor H as an immune evasion tactic. PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0038407"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2517","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-30271-1","article-title":"Fibronectin binding protein B binds to loricrin and promotes corneocyte adhesion by Staphylococcus aureus","volume":"13","author":"Viljoen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro.2016.94","article-title":"Biofilms: An emergent form of bacterial life","volume":"14","author":"Flemming","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ram\u00edrez-Larrota, J.S., and Eckhard, U. (2022). An Introduction to Bacterial Biofilms and Their Proteases, and Their Roles in Host Infection and Immune Evasion. Biomolecules, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/biom12020306"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2015.00007","article-title":"Polysaccharide intercellular adhesin in biofilm: Structural and regulatory aspects","volume":"5","author":"Arciola","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.178.1.175-183.1996","article-title":"The intercellular adhesin involved in biofilm accumulation of Staphylococcus epidermidis is a linear beta-1,6-linked glucosaminoglycan: Purification and structural analysis","volume":"178","author":"Mack","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1083","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2958.1996.tb02548.x","article-title":"Molecular basis of intercellular adhesion in the biofilm-forming Staphylococcus epidermidis","volume":"20","author":"Heilmann","year":"1996","journal-title":"Mol. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5427","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.67.10.5427-5433.1999","article-title":"The intercellular adhesion (ica) locus is present in Staphylococcus aureus and is required for biofilm formation","volume":"67","author":"Cramton","year":"1999","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18586","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.273.29.18586","article-title":"Characterization of the N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase activity involved in the biosynthesis of the Staphylococcus epidermidis polysaccharide intercellular adhesin","volume":"273","author":"Gerke","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54881","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M411374200","article-title":"A crucial role for exopolysaccharide modification in bacterial biofilm formation, immune evasion, and virulence","volume":"279","author":"Vuong","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4400","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.184.16.4400-4408.2002","article-title":"icaR encodes a transcriptional repressor involved in environmental regulation of ica operon expression and biofilm formation in Staphylococcus epidermidis","volume":"184","author":"Conlon","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2449","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.186.8.2449-2456.2004","article-title":"The teicoplanin-associated locus regulator (TcaR) and the intercellular adhesin locus regulator (IcaR) are transcriptional inhibitors of the ica locus in Staphylococcus aureus","volume":"186","author":"Jefferson","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00524-18","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.00524-18","article-title":"Transcriptional Regulation of icaADBC by both IcaR and TcaR in Staphylococcus epidermidis","volume":"201","author":"Hoang","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1711","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2006.11.046","article-title":"Polysaccharide intercellular adhesin or protein factors in biofilm accumulation of Staphylococcus epidermidis and Staphylococcus aureus isolated from prosthetic hip and knee joint infections","volume":"28","author":"Rohde","year":"2007","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1379","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.02280-06","article-title":"Association between methicillin susceptibility and biofilm regulation in Staphylococcus aureus isolates from device-related infections","volume":"45","author":"Pozzi","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1973","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.43.4.1973-1976.2005","article-title":"Evidence for icaADBC-independent biofilm development mechanism in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus clinical isolates","volume":"43","author":"Fitzpatrick","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3835","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.00167-08","article-title":"A novel Staphylococcus aureus biofilm phenotype mediated by the fibronectin-binding proteins, FnBPA and FnBPB","volume":"190","author":"Pozzi","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1111\/mmi.12750","article-title":"SdrC induces staphylococcal biofilm formation through a homophilic interaction","volume":"94","author":"Barbu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mol. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1519265113","article-title":"Zinc-dependent mechanical properties of Staphylococcus aureus biofilm-forming surface protein SasG","volume":"113","author":"Speziale","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19456","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0807717105","article-title":"A zinc-dependent adhesion module is responsible for intercellular adhesion in staphylococcal biofilms","volume":"105","author":"Conrady","year":"2008","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4411","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.RA119.010874","article-title":"The biofilm adhesion protein Aap from Staphylococcus epidermidis forms zinc-dependent amyloid fibers","volume":"295","author":"Yarawsky","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E202","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1208134110","article-title":"Structural basis for Zn2+-dependent intercellular adhesion in staphylococcal biofilms","volume":"110","author":"Conrady","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1042\/BCJ20160675","article-title":"Functional consequences of B-repeat sequence variation in the staphylococcal biofilm protein Aap: Deciphering the assembly code","volume":"474","author":"Shelton","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biochem. J."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI42520","article-title":"Staphylococcus epidermidis surfactant peptides promote biofilm maturation and dissemination of biofilm-associated infection in mice","volume":"121","author":"Wang","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00165-16","DOI":"10.1128\/mSphere.00165-16","article-title":"Versatility of Biofilm Matrix Molecules in Staphylococcus epidermidis Clinical Isolates and Importance of Polysaccharide Intercellular Adhesin Expression during High Shear Stress","volume":"1","author":"Schaeffer","year":"2016","journal-title":"mSphere"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmm.2006.12.001","article-title":"Spontaneous switch to PIA-independent biofilm formation in an ica-positive Staphylococcus epidermidis isolate","volume":"297","author":"Hennig","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. J. Med. Microbiol. IJMM"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6968.2006.00361.x","article-title":"Bacterial extracellular DNA forming a defined network-like structure","volume":"262","author":"Janke","year":"2006","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1093\/femsre\/fux010","article-title":"Molecular mechanisms of biofilm-based antibiotic resistance and tolerance in pathogenic bacteria","volume":"41","author":"Hall","year":"2017","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7273","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.03132-14","article-title":"Extracellular DNA impedes the transport of vancomycin in Staphylococcus epidermidis biofilms preexposed to subinhibitory concentrations of vancomycin","volume":"58","author":"Doroshenko","year":"2014","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2013.00021","article-title":"Extracellular DNA-induced antimicrobial peptide resistance mechanisms in Pseudomonas aeruginosa","volume":"4","author":"Lewenza","year":"2013","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_98","first-page":"397","article-title":"Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm is a potent inducer of phagocyte hyperinflammation","volume":"68","author":"Strus","year":"2019","journal-title":"Inflamm. Res. Off. J. Eur. Histamine Res. Soc."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"863","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1242255","article-title":"Staphylococcus aureus degrades neutrophil extracellular traps to promote immune cell death","volume":"342","author":"Thammavongsa","year":"2013","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6288","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.183.21.6288-6293.2001","article-title":"DNA as a nutrient: Novel role for bacterial competence gene homologs","volume":"183","author":"Finkel","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"848","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1216376110","article-title":"Liquid transport facilitated by channels in Bacillus subtilis biofilms","volume":"110","author":"Wilking","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-med-042711-140023","article-title":"Staphylococcal infections: Mechanisms of biofilm maturation and detachment as critical determinants of pathogenicity","volume":"64","author":"Otto","year":"2013","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Med."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2014.00167","article-title":"Molecular determinants of staphylococcal biofilm dispersal and structuring","volume":"4","author":"Le","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Queck, S.Y., Khan, B.A., Wang, R., Bach, T.H., Kretschmer, D., Chen, L., Kreiswirth, B.N., Peschel, A., Deleo, F.R., and Otto, M. (2009). Mobile genetic element-encoded cytolysin connects virulence to methicillin resistance in MRSA. PLoS Pathog., 5.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1000533"},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.4161\/cib.19420","article-title":"Phenol-soluble modulins in staphylococci: What are they originally for?","volume":"5","author":"Periasamy","year":"2012","journal-title":"Commun. Integr. Biol."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-020-0385-0","article-title":"Biofilm dispersion","volume":"18","author":"Rumbaugh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"976","DOI":"10.1111\/mmi.13863","article-title":"Spatial transcriptomes within the Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm architecture","volume":"106","author":"Sun","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4462","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms5462","article-title":"Dispersed cells represent a distinct stage in the transition from bacterial biofilm to planktonic lifestyles","volume":"5","author":"Chua","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102336","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cis.2020.102336","article-title":"Hydrodynamics and surface properties influence biofilm proliferation","volume":"288","author":"Krsmanovic","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv. Colloid Interface Sci."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fleming, D., and Rumbaugh, K.P. (2017). Approaches to Dispersing Medical Biofilms. Microorganisms, 5.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms5020015"},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2009.10.005","article-title":"Extracellular proteases inhibit protein-dependent biofilm formation in Staphylococcus aureus","volume":"12","author":"Trotonda","year":"2010","journal-title":"Microbes Infect."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2621","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.65.7.2621-2628.1997","article-title":"Modification of the Staphylococcus aureus fibronectin binding phenotype by V8 protease","volume":"65","author":"McGavin","year":"1997","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6968.2008.01194.x","article-title":"Two thermostable nucleases coexisted in Staphylococcus aureus: Evidence from mutagenesis and in vitro expression","volume":"284","author":"Tang","year":"2008","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1089\/fpd.2011.1033","article-title":"Comparative expression analysis of two thermostable nuclease genes in Staphylococcus aureus","volume":"9","author":"Hu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Foodborne Pathog. Dis."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carres.2012.09.016","article-title":"Model for \u03b2-1,6-N-acetylglucosamine oligomer hydrolysis catalysed by DispersinB, a biofilm degrading enzyme","volume":"363","author":"Fazekas","year":"2012","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Res."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.187.1.382-387.2005","article-title":"Depolymerization of beta-1,6-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine disrupts the integrity of diverse bacterial biofilms","volume":"187","author":"Itoh","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e01998-16","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01998-16","article-title":"Glycoside Hydrolases Degrade Polymicrobial Bacterial Biofilms in Wounds","volume":"61","author":"Fleming","year":"2017","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1177\/039139880903200902","article-title":"Suicide and fratricide in bacterial biofilms","volume":"32","author":"Thomas","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. Artif. Organs"},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd1008","article-title":"Understanding biofilm resistance to antibacterial agents","volume":"2","author":"Davies","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Drug Discov."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1649","DOI":"10.1007\/s11999-016-4720-8","article-title":"Antibiotic-tolerant Staphylococcus aureus Biofilm Persists on Arthroplasty Materials","volume":"474","author":"Urish","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Orthop. Relat. Res."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"982","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1211037","article-title":"Active starvation responses mediate antibiotic tolerance in biofilms and nutrient-limited bacteria","volume":"334","author":"Nguyen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro.2017.42","article-title":"Persistent bacterial infections and persister cells","volume":"15","author":"Fisher","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Singh, R., Sahore, S., Kaur, P., Rani, A., and Ray, P. (2016). Penetration barrier contributes to bacterial biofilm-associated resistance against only select antibiotics, and exhibits genus-, strain- and antibiotic-specific differences. Pathog. Dis., 74.","DOI":"10.1093\/femspd\/ftw056"},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2009.12.011","article-title":"Antibiotic resistance of bacterial biofilms","volume":"35","author":"Bjarnsholt","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents"},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1968","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.02008-12","article-title":"Staphylococcus aureus biofilms promote horizontal transfer of antibiotic resistance","volume":"57","author":"Savage","year":"2013","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro.2016.34","article-title":"Distinguishing between resistance, tolerance and persistence to antibiotic treatment","volume":"14","author":"Brauner","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2019.06.002","article-title":"Surviving as a Community: Antibiotic Tolerance and Persistence in Bacterial Biofilms","volume":"26","author":"Yan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2016.12.010","article-title":"The Peculiar Functions of the Bacterial Extracellular Matrix","volume":"25","year":"2017","journal-title":"Trends Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-immunol-020711-074942","article-title":"Neutrophil function: From mechanisms to disease","volume":"30","author":"Amulic","year":"2012","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/S1286-4579(00)01349-6","article-title":"Pseudomonas aeruginosa and the in vitro and in vivo biofilm mode of growth","volume":"3","author":"Moser","year":"2001","journal-title":"Microbes Infect."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6339","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.70.11.6339-6345.2002","article-title":"Human leukocytes adhere to, penetrate, and respond to Staphylococcus aureus biofilms","volume":"70","author":"Leid","year":"2002","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1007\/s12178-018-9501-4","article-title":"Staphylococcus aureus Evasion of Host Immunity in the Setting of Prosthetic Joint Infection: Biofilm and Beyond","volume":"11","author":"Ricciardi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Rev. Musculoskelet. Med."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hanke, M.L., Angle, A., and Kielian, T. (2012). MyD88-dependent signaling influences fibrosis and alternative macrophage activation during Staphylococcus aureus biofilm infection. PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0042476"},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1923","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-016-2763-0","article-title":"The remarkably multifunctional fibronectin binding proteins of Staphylococcus aureus","volume":"35","author":"Foster","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. Off. Publ. Eur. Soc. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1574","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1317181111","article-title":"Release of protein A from the cell wall of Staphylococcus aureus","volume":"111","author":"Becker","year":"2014","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6161","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1401600","article-title":"The extracellular adherence protein from Staphylococcus aureus inhibits the classical and lectin pathways of complement by blocking formation of the C3 proconvertase","volume":"193","author":"Woehl","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-micro-092412-155746","article-title":"Neutrophils versus Staphylococcus aureus: A biological tug of war","volume":"67","author":"Spaan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2018.00359","article-title":"Immune Evasion Mechanisms of Staphylococcus epidermidis Biofilm Infection","volume":"9","author":"Le","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1462-5822.2004.00367.x","article-title":"Polysaccharide intercellular adhesin (PIA) protects Staphylococcus epidermidis against major components of the human innate immune system","volume":"6","author":"Vuong","year":"2004","journal-title":"Cell. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1028","DOI":"10.1086\/528992","article-title":"Biofilm formation induces C3a release and protects Staphylococcus epidermidis from IgG and complement deposition and from neutrophil-dependent killing","volume":"197","author":"Kristian","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2627","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.67.5.2627-2632.1999","article-title":"Characterization of the importance of polysaccharide intercellular adhesin\/hemagglutinin of Staphylococcus epidermidis in the pathogenesis of biomaterial-based infection in a mouse foreign body infection model","volume":"67","author":"Rupp","year":"1999","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Omar, A., Wright, J.B., Schultz, G., Burrell, R., and Nadworny, P. (2017). Microbial Biofilms and Chronic Wounds. Microorganisms, 5.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms5010009"},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106149","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijsu.2021.106149","article-title":"Surgical site infection prevention through bundled interventions in hip replacement surgery: A systematic review","volume":"95","author":"Vicentini","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Surg."},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8533","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2013.07.089","article-title":"A review of the biomaterials technologies for infection-resistant surfaces","volume":"34","author":"Campoccia","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1016\/j.injury.2016.12.011","article-title":"Antimicrobial coated implants in trauma and orthopaedics-a clinical review and risk-benefit analysis","volume":"48","author":"Alt","year":"2017","journal-title":"Injury"},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2000310","DOI":"10.1002\/adhm.202000310","article-title":"Biomaterials against Bone Infection","volume":"9","author":"Lozano","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv. Healthc. Mater."},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1111\/apm.12687","article-title":"Orthopaedic biofilm infections","volume":"125","author":"Zimmerli","year":"2017","journal-title":"APMIS Acta Pathol. Microbiol. Et Immunol. Scand."},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbspin.2012.09.008","article-title":"Optimizing combination rifampin therapy for staphylococcal osteoarticular infections","volume":"80","author":"Coiffier","year":"2013","journal-title":"Jt. Bone Spine"},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1634","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciab426","article-title":"If, When, and How to Use Rifampin in Acute Staphylococcal Periprosthetic Joint Infections, a Multicentre Observational Study","volume":"73","author":"Beldman","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis. Off. Publ. Infect. Dis. Soc. Am."},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1036","DOI":"10.1086\/605593","article-title":"Gram-negative prosthetic joint infections: Risk factors and outcome of treatment","volume":"49","author":"Hsieh","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis. Off. Publ. Infect. Dis. Soc. Am."},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1186\/s12929-022-00806-1","article-title":"Bacteriophages and antibiotic interactions in clinical practice: What we have learned so far","volume":"29","author":"Cater","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Sci."},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0157626","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0157626","article-title":"In Vivo Assessment of Phage and Linezolid Based Implant Coatings for Treatment of Methicillin Resistant S. aureus (MRSA) Mediated Orthopaedic Device Related Infections","volume":"11","author":"Kaur","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2015.12.011","article-title":"Evolutionary Rationale for Phages as Complements of Antibiotics","volume":"24","author":"Hochberg","year":"2016","journal-title":"Trends Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"570572","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2020.570572","article-title":"Phage Therapy as Adjuvant to Conservative Surgery and Antibiotics to Salvage Patients With Relapsing S. aureus Prosthetic Knee Infection","volume":"7","author":"Ferry","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Med."},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"569159","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2021.569159","article-title":"Case Report: Arthroscopic \u201cDebridement Antibiotics and Implant Retention\u201d with Local Injection of Personalized Phage Therapy to Salvage a Relapsing Pseudomonas aeruginosa Prosthetic Knee Infection","volume":"8","author":"Ferry","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Med."},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"W\u00f3jcik-Bojek, U., R\u00f3\u017calska, B., and Sadowska, B. (2022). Staphylococcus aureus\u2014A Known Opponent against Host Defense Mechanisms and Vaccine Development-Do We Still Have a Chance to Win?. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23020948"},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.21873\/invivo.11023","article-title":"Active and Passive Immunization Against Staphylococcus aureus Periprosthetic Osteomyelitis in Rats","volume":"31","author":"Jensen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Vivo"},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2018.03.013","article-title":"Ses proteins as possible targets for vaccine development against Staphylococcus epidermidis infections","volume":"77","author":"Hofmans","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Infect."},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mubeen, B., Ansar, A.N., Rasool, R., Ullah, I., Imam, S.S., Alshehri, S., Ghoneim, M.M., Alzarea, S.I., Nadeem, M.S., and Kazmi, I. (2021). Nanotechnology as a Novel Approach in Combating Microbes Providing an Alternative to Antibiotics. Antibiotics, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics10121473"},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-020-0420-1","article-title":"Nanomaterial-based therapeutics for antibiotic-resistant bacterial infections","volume":"19","author":"Makabenta","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8762","DOI":"10.1039\/D1CS00074H","article-title":"Emerging photothermal-derived multimodal synergistic therapy in combating bacterial infections","volume":"50","author":"Huo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chem. Soc. Rev."},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1995","DOI":"10.1039\/D0BM02057E","article-title":"The recent progress in photothermal-triggered bacterial eradication","volume":"9","author":"Xu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biomater. Sci."},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102090","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2020.102090","article-title":"Photodynamic therapy to control microbial biofilms","volume":"33","author":"Warrier","year":"2021","journal-title":"Photodiagn. Photodyn. Ther."},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1801808","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201801808","article-title":"Rapid Biofilm Eradication on Bone Implants Using Red Phosphorus and Near-Infrared Light","volume":"30","author":"Tan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1039\/C7CS00807D","article-title":"Nanotechnology-based antimicrobials and delivery systems for biofilm-infection control","volume":"48","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chem. Soc. Rev."},{"key":"ref_166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2796.2009.02187.x","article-title":"Safety assessment for nanotechnology and nanomedicine: Concepts of nanotoxicology","volume":"267","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Intern. Med."}],"container-title":["Microorganisms"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2607\/10\/10\/1909\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T00:39:43Z","timestamp":1760143183000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2607\/10\/10\/1909"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,26]]},"references-count":166,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10]]}},"alternative-id":["microorganisms10101909"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/microorganisms10101909","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-2607"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-2607","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,26]]}}}