{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T03:41:19Z","timestamp":1790221279051,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,30]],"date-time":"2022-09-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1664496000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"government of Japan for the IAEA Peaceful Uses Initiative"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Sheeppox (SPP), goatpox (GTP), and lumpy skin disease (LSD) are economically significant pox diseases of ruminants, caused by sheeppox virus (SPPV), goatpox virus (GTPV), and lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV), respectively. SPPV and GTPV can infect both sheep and goats, while LSDV mainly affects cattle. The recent emergence of LSD in Asia and Europe and the repeated incursions of SPP in Greece, Bulgaria, and Russia highlight how these diseases can spread outside their endemic regions, stressing the urgent need to develop high-throughput serological surveillance tools. We expressed and tested two recombinant truncated proteins, the capripoxvirus homologs of the vaccinia virus C-type lectin-like protein A34 and the EEV glycoprotein A36, as antigens for an indirect ELISA (iELISA) to detect anti-capripoxvirus antibodies. Since A34 outperformed A36 by showing no cross-reactivity to anti-parapoxvirus antibodies, we optimized an A34 iELISA using two different working conditions, one for LSD in cattle and one for SPP\/GTP in sheep and goats. Both displayed sound sensitivities and specificities: 98.81% and 98.72%, respectively, for the LSD iELISA, and 97.68% and 95.35%, respectively, for the SPP\/GTP iELISA, and did not cross-react with anti-parapoxvirus antibodies of cattle, sheep, and goats. These assays could facilitate the implementation of capripox control programs through serosurveillance and the screening of animals for trade.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms10101956","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,9]],"date-time":"2022-10-09T04:00:02Z","timestamp":1665288002000},"page":"1956","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Development and Optimization of Indirect ELISAs for the Detection of Anti-Capripoxvirus Antibodies in Cattle, Sheep, and Goat Sera"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Francisco J.","family":"Berguido","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Production and Health Laboratory, Animal Production and Health Section, Joint FAO\/IAEA Division, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, International Atomic Energy Agency, WagramerStrasse 5, P.O. Box 100, A1400 Vienna, Austria"},{"name":"Institute of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7329-8632","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Esayas","family":"Gelaye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Sub-Regional Office for Eastern Africa, Addis Ababa P.O. Box 5536, Ethiopia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yang","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100070, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Batdorj","family":"Davaasuren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Mongolian University of Life Sciences, Ulaanbaatar 17024, Mongolia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kiril","family":"Krstevski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterinary Institute, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University \u201cSs. Cyril and Methodius\u201d, Skopje 1000, North Macedonia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4820-3590","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Igor","family":"Djadjovski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterinary Institute, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University \u201cSs. Cyril and Methodius\u201d, Skopje 1000, North Macedonia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emiliya","family":"Ivanova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Diagnostic and Research Veterinary Institute (NDRVMI), 1231 Sofia, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gabriela","family":"Goujgoulova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Diagnostic and Research Veterinary Institute (NDRVMI), 1231 Sofia, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Angelika","family":"Loitsch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety (AGES), Spargelfeldstrasse 191, 1220 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eeva","family":"Tuppurainen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of International Animal Health\/One Health, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, D-17493 Greifswald, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tesfaye Rufael","family":"Chibssa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Health Institute, Sebeta P.O. Box 04, Ethiopia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8493-1969","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Philippe","family":"Caufour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UMR Cirad-Inrae 117 ASTRE, Department BIOS, CIRAD, 34398 Montpellier, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Milena","family":"Samojlovi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Scientific Veterinary Institute \u201cNovi Sad\u201d, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sava","family":"Lazi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Scientific Veterinary Institute \u201cNovi Sad\u201d, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9164-3356","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tama\u0161","family":"Petrovi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Scientific Veterinary Institute \u201cNovi Sad\u201d, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0192-5120","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dejan","family":"Vidanovi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterinary Specialized Institute Kraljevo, Zicka 34, 36103 Kraljevo, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"St\u00e9phane","family":"Bertagnoli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ecole Nationale V\u00e9t\u00e9rinaire de Toulouse, IHAP, Universit\u00e9 de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, 23 Chemin des Capelles, 31076 Toulouse, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4501-927X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Reingard","family":"Grabherr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adama","family":"Diallo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UMR Cirad-Inrae 117 ASTRE, Department BIOS, CIRAD, 34398 Montpellier, France"},{"name":"CIRAD, UMR ASTRE, ISRA\/LNERV, Dakar BP 2057, Senegal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giovanni","family":"Cattoli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Production and Health Laboratory, Animal Production and Health Section, Joint FAO\/IAEA Division, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, International Atomic Energy Agency, WagramerStrasse 5, P.O. Box 100, A1400 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1899-7614","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Charles Euloge","family":"Lamien","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Production and Health Laboratory, Animal Production and Health Section, Joint FAO\/IAEA Division, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, International Atomic Energy Agency, WagramerStrasse 5, P.O. Box 100, A1400 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"ICTV EC 52 (2020). 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