{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T10:22:32Z","timestamp":1789640552752,"version":"4.0.0"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,4]],"date-time":"2022-10-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1664841600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001602","name":"Science Foundation Ireland","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SFI\/12\/RC\/2273_P2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SFI\/12\/RC\/2273_P2"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001602","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001602","name":"Science Foundation Ireland","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["17\/CDA\/4765"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["17\/CDA\/4765"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001602","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In view of the increasing evidence that commonly prescribed, non-antibiotic drugs interact with the gut microbiome, we re-examined the microbiota variance in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) to determine the degree to which medication and supplement intake might account for compositional differences between disease subtypes and geographic location. We assessed the confounding effects of various treatments on the faecal microbiota composition (16S rRNA gene sequencing) in persons with Crohn\u2019s disease (CD; n = 188) or ulcerative colitis (UC; n = 161) from either Cork (Ireland) or Manitoba (Canada) sampled at three time points. The medication profiles between persons with UC and CD and from different countries varied in number and type of drugs taken. Among Canadian participants with CD, surgical resection and overall medication and supplement usage is significantly more common than for their Irish counterparts. Treatments explained more microbiota variance (3.5%) than all other factors combined (2.4%) and 40 of the 78 tested medications and supplements showed significant associations with at least one taxon in the gut microbiota. However, while treatments accounted for a relatively small proportion of the geographic contribution to microbiome variance between Irish and Canadian participants, additive effects from multiple medications contributed significantly to microbiome differences between UC and CD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms10101963","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,9]],"date-time":"2022-10-09T04:00:02Z","timestamp":1665288002000},"page":"1963","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Interactions between Medications and the Gut Microbiome in Inflammatory Bowel Disease"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4781-0660","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julia","family":"Eckenberger","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, T12 YT20 Cork, Ireland"},{"name":"School of Microbiology, University College Cork, T12 TP07 Cork, Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James C.","family":"Butler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, T12 YT20 Cork, Ireland"},{"name":"School of Microbiology, University College Cork, T12 TP07 Cork, Ireland"},{"name":"The SFI Centre for Research Training in Genomics Data Science, H91 TK33 Galway, Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charles N.","family":"Bernstein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Inflammatory Bowel Disease Clinical and Research Centre, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3A 1R9 Canada"},{"name":"Section of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3A 1R9, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fergus","family":"Shanahan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, T12 YT20 Cork, Ireland"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, University College Cork, T12 AK54 Cork, Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5712-0623","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcus J.","family":"Claesson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, T12 YT20 Cork, Ireland"},{"name":"School of Microbiology, University College Cork, T12 TP07 Cork, Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1512","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-15342-5","article-title":"Colonic microbiota is associated with inflammation and host epigenomic alterations in inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"11","author":"Ryan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. 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