{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T23:54:40Z","timestamp":1790380480303,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,14]],"date-time":"2022-10-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1665705600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The presence of antibiotic residues in the tissue of food animals is a growing concern due to the adverse health effects that they can cause in humans, such as antibiotic resistance bacteria. An inspector-generated sampling (IGS) dataset from the United States National Residue Surveillance Program, collected between 2014 and 2019, was analyzed to investigate the association of changes in the veterinary feed directive (VFD) regulations on the detection of violative penicillin, tetracycline, sulfonamide, desfuroylceftiofur, tilmicosin, and florfenicol, residues in the tissue of food animals. Multivariable logistic regression models were used for analysis. While the animal production class was significantly associated with residue violations for tetracycline, having a sample collection date after the implementation of change in VFD regulations was not. However, the odds of detecting violative sulfonamide and penicillin residues in the tissue of food animals following the implementation of the change in VFD regulations were 36% and 24% lower than those collected before the implementation of the change in VFD regulations period, respectively, irrespective of animal production class. Violative desfuroylceftiofur, tilmicosin, and florfenicol residues in the tissue of food animals were not significantly associated with the implementation of changes in the VFD regulations. Further investigation of the factors that influence the presence of violative antibiotic residues in the tissue of food animals following the change in VFD regulations would lend clarity to this critical issue.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms10102031","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,17]],"date-time":"2022-10-17T03:43:58Z","timestamp":1665978238000},"page":"2031","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Effect of Changes in Veterinary Feed Directive Regulations on Violative Antibiotic Residues in the Tissue of Food Animals from the Inspector-Generated Sampling in the United States"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Shamim","family":"Sarkar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2895-8347","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chika C.","family":"Okafor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1177\/003335491212700103","article-title":"A Review of Antibiotic Use in Food Animals: Perspective, Policy, and Potential","volume":"127","author":"Landers","year":"2012","journal-title":"Public Health Rep."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S93","DOI":"10.1086\/340246","article-title":"Antimicrobial Use and Resistance in Animals","volume":"34","author":"McEwen","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clin. 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